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islam

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the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran

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allah

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Muslim name for the one and only God

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muslims

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those who practice the religion of Islam; believe in one God, and the prophet Muhammad whom they believe God spoke through

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muhammad

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the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

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quran

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the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina

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bedouin

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nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam

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shaykhs

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Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children

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Mecca

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City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.

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Umayyad clan

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Forced Muhammed to flee

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ka'ba

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Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam

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medina

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City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)

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ali

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the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites

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umma

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the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan

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zakat

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The Muslim obligation to give alms for the care of the poor and needy

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caliph

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the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth

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abu bakr

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Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death.

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ridda wars

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wars that followed muhammad's death; resulted in the defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of islam

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sunni's

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85% of Muslims, and it is NOT necessary to be related to Muhammad to be a successor. majority in bangladesh, india, indonesia, and pakistan

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shia

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the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

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mawali

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Non-Arab converts to Islam

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jizya

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tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion

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dhimmis

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a term meaning "protected peoples"; they included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians.

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hadith

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(Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran

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abbasid

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The dynasty that came after the Umayyads. Devoted their energy to trade, scholorship, and the arts.

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baghdad

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capital and largest city of Iraq

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wazir

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chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire

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dhow

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Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design

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lateen sail

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triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade

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al-mahdi

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Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession

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harun al-rashid

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caliph (r. 786-809) who is responsible for a Golden Age in the Muslim World and the House of Wisdom in Baghdad

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the thousand and one nights

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A group of tales narrated by a fictional princess, many are set in baghdad, include romances, fables, adventures, best known for Aladdin and the magic lamp

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buyids

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Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad and acted as sultans through Abbasid figureheads.

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sultan

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military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country

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seljuk turks

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nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly

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crusades

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a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

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saladin

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(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem

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ibn khaldun

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Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city.

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omar khayyam

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Persian poet and mathematician and astronomer whose poetry was popularized by Edward Fitzgerald's translation (1050-1123)

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rubaiyat

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Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine

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ulama

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Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)

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al-ghazali

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Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama

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sufis

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a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life

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mongols

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Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph

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chinggis khan

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born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world

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hulegu

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ruler of Ilkhan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad

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mamluks

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Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance

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muhammad ibn qasim

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Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire

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mahmud of ghazni

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Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.

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muhammad of ghur

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military commander of persian extraction; began attempt to establish muslim control of india

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sultans of delhi

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Title of the Islamic imperial houses of India, which literally means princes of the heartland.

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sati

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a ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced.

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bhaktic cults

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Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva

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shirivijaya

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Trading empire based on the Malacca Strait; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam.

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stateless nation

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a nation of people that does not have a territory to legally occupy, like the Palestinians, Kurds, and Basques

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bantu migration

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the movement of the bantu peoples southward throghout africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000

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ifriqiya

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the Arabic term for Eastern North Africa

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almoravids

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followers of the Great Puritanical Reformist Movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; reject Sufis; very violent (launch a series of jihads, or holy wars)

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almohadi

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a Berber dynasty founded in the 12th century that conquered most of northern Africa

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jihad

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a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

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axum

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trading center, and powerful ancient kingdom in northern present-day Ethiopia

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ethiopia

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Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea

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king lalibela

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Ethiopian king who had Christian churches carved downward into mountains

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sudanic states

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States trading to north Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways.

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ghana

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the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade

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mali

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Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

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sundiata

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the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes

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griots

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Storytellers of sub-Saharan Africa who carried on oral traditions and historians

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ibn batutta

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from Morocco, visited muslim countries

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mansa musa

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this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west africa

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timbuktu

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a city in central Mali near the Niger river

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songhay

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successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali

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muhammad the great

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Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century

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hausa

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the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages

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sharia

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the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed

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zenji

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Arabic term for the people and coast of east Africa.

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benin

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a country on western coast of Africa

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kingdom of kongo

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Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

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great zimbabwe

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City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)

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