question

150,000 years ago

answer

When did anatomically modern humans first emerge?

question

50,000 years ago / hunter-gatherers

answer

When did the first humans migrate out of Africa? These people were...

question

12000 years ago / pottery, wheeled vehicles, writing

answer

When did humans in the near east begin settling down and domesticating? What did they develop as a result?

question

sometime between 10000 and 4000 BCE

answer

When was beer developed?

question

3400 BCE

answer

Date first examples of writing.

question

4000 BCE, Tepe Gawna in Mesopotamia

answer

A pictogram of stone age brew was found when and where?

question

10000 BCE

answer

When did the gathering of wild grains become widespread?

question

great place for raising sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and growing dense strands of wheat and barley / rich pickings for hunter-gatherers

answer

After the Ice Age ended, what did the uplands of the Fertile Crescent provide? What did this mean?

question

cereal grains

answer

What kinds of edible plants did HGs mainly collect?

question

when crushed and mixed with water

answer

When are cereal grains edible?

question

tiny granules of starch

answer

Like grains, CGs contain...?

question

They could be stored for months or even years. A family working 8 hours a day for 3 weeks could collect enough for each member to have a pound a day for a year.

answer

What are the advantages of cereal grains?

question

required them to stay in one place for at least 3 weeks, people didn't want to leave stores unguarded

answer

How did cereal grains lead to people staying in one place?

question

10000 BCE

answer

The first settlement was built when?

question

East Coast of Mediterranean (fertile crescent)

answer

Where?

question

no

answer

Did the people of the first settlement have domestication?

question

1. when soaked in water in non-watertight container so grains sprouted, they released diastase enzymes which convert sugar to maltose or malt, giving grains sweet taste 2. gruel made from cereal grains left to sit for a few days turned to bear

answer

What are two other important properties of cereal grains?

question

when cereal grains first stored

answer

When did they discover the first property?

question

yeast in air fermented maltose sugar, creating alcohol

answer

What causes the second property?

question

gruel cooked

answer

To strengthen beer by activating more starch-converting enzymes, what was done?

question

cultured yeast began to live in cracks and crevices

answer

Why did using same vessel improve beer production?

question

addition of berries, spices, honey, herbs, etc.

answer

How were different flavors IE different kinds of beer first created?

question

17

answer

Ancient Egyptian records list how many types of beer?

question

3000 BCE, 20

answer

In Mesopotamia, written references to beer from when listed how many types?

question

-- way Mesopotamian brewers controlled flavor and color of beer -- barley shaped into lumps and baked twice to produce bread

answer

bappir

question

which came first: beer or bread

answer

What debate has bappir lead to?

question

people would drink from and same vessel with straws first out of necessity and then, with advent of pottery, as ritual representing connection or bond between drinkers

answer

How was beer a social drink in ancient times?

question

magical fermentation process

answer

Why was beer believed to come from gods?

question

religious ceremonies

answer

In every beer-drinking culture, beer was used in what?

question

9000 BC, fertile crescent

answer

Cultivation of plants began when and where?

question

desire to increase supplies of grain needed to make beer

answer

What was one factor that lead to the transition?

question

7000 -- 5000 BCE

answer

Farming spread from fertile crescent when?

question

contributions to communal storehouse / 8000 BCE / clay tokens

answer

To ensure each villager in a farming village was pulling his/her weight, what was made when? How was it recorded?

question

religious offerings / administrators who lived off surplus

answer

How were these contributions justified and by who?

question

accounting, writing (keeping records), bureaucracy, giving food as offerings to gods

answer

What was this the basis of?

question

all ancient civilizations

answer

Who/What was beer highly significant to?

question

4300 BC, city-states

answer

When did villages in Mesopotamia (between Tigris and Euphrates) begin to band together, and what did they eventually form?

question

Uruk, 5000

answer

In 3000 BCE, what city-state was largest in Ma and what was its population?

question

a dozen city states including Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Eridu, Nippur

answer

By 2000 BC, where did the entire population of Southern Ma live?

question

Egypt, Thebes and Memphis

answer

Thereafter, what region took the lead and with what cities?

question

surplus of crops, gain in particular

answer

What made the civilizations of Egypt and Ma possible?

question

-- allowed some people to work as artisans, administrators, etc. -- meant wealth needed for large public works like canals -- grain used as currency and basis of diet in form of bread and beer

answer

How?

question

Sumer in 3400 BCE

answer

When did written records of beer begin in Sumer?

question

-- Gilgamesh King of Uruk in 2700 BCE -- Enkidu turns from a savage to a human by drinking beer and eating bread

answer

How does the epic of Gilgamesh demonstrate the importance of beer to Sumer?

question

3rd dynasty which began in 2350 BCE

answer

When did written records of beer begin in Egypt?

question

funerary texts inscribed in pyramids from end of 5th dynasty in 2350 BCE CHECK ON

answer

What were these first Egyptian written references to beer?

question

every person in every class

answer

In both Egypt and Ma, beer was drunk by who?

question

Assyrians beginning with King Ashurnasirpal II in 870 BCE

answer

Who did wine become an emblem of power, prosperity, and privilege under?

question

9000BC-4000BC in Zagros Mountain Range in modern Armenia and Northern Iran

answer

When and where was wine discovered?

question

1. presence of Eurasian Grapevine 2. availability of cereal crops for year round food stores 3. invention of pottery

answer

What 3 factors made the invention of wine possible?

question

a far from Zagros Mountain region dating back to 5400 BCE

answer

When and where is the earliest evidence of wine from?

question

West to Greece and Anatolia (modern Turkey) and South through Levant (Syria, Lebanon, and Israel) to Egypt

answer

From the Zagros Mountains, where did wine spread?

question

lack of grapes

answer

Why did wine remain a drink for only the wealthy in the fertile crescent?

question

date palm wine -- fermented date syrup drunk by poor if not beer

answer

What was a cheaper substitute for wine in the FC?

question

1st millennium BC

answer

When did wine become more popular than beer?

question

Greeks

answer

Who were the first people to produce wine on a commercial scale?

question

age of and type of wine drunk

answer

In Greek Culture, how was social class delineated based on wine?

question

added water to it

answer

How were the Greeks unique regarding wine?

question

considered it barbaric

answer

How did the Greeks feel about not adding water to wine?

question

to make wine safer and less intoxicating

answer

Why did they add water?

question

it was just as bad as not adding water

answer

How did the Greeks feel about not drinking wine?

question

Greek wine-drinking party CHECK THAT THAT'S RIGHT WORD

answer

symposium

question

South France in West, Egypt in South, Crimean Peninsula in East, Danube Region in North

answer

By the 5th century, how far afield was Greek wine being exported?

question

146 BCE

answer

When did Rome overtake Greece as the world's leading producer of wine?

question

Gaul and Spain

answer

During the 1st century BC, to meet demands, where in the Roman Empire was wine production increased?

question

in freighters

answer

How was wine transported around the Mediterranean?

question

after the election of Septimus Severus in 193 BCE

answer

When did North African wine begin to dominate?

question

thing

answer

Study the process of wine reaching Rome in notes.

question

all classes

answer

What types of Romans drank wine?

question

the type of wine you drank

answer

What denoted class in Roman society?

question

Falernian

answer

What was the best type of wine?

question

laws being passed about what could be spent on food so as to prevent the wrath of the poor

answer

What did spending on sumptuous wines result in?

question

Roman wine-drinking party, symposium's Roman counterpart

answer

convivium

question

-- less intellectual and more of a way to show off class -- the food one was served depended on their class rather than the host's -- mixed water with wine like Greeks but did so individually rather than in communal krater (special type of vessel)

answer

How was a convivium different from a symposium?

question

1. Falernian 2. wine that had additives to improve flavor 3. posca 4. lora

answer

List the types of wines in order of social class association from the highest to lowest rank in society.

question

water mixed with wine that had become vinegar-like

answer

posca

question

soldiers when better stuff was unavailable because it was more of a type of water purification technology than a wine

answer

Who drank posca?

question

water mixed with whatever was left after wine-making like stalks and leaves

answer

lora

question

slaves

answer

Who drank lora?

question

medicine

answer

Romans also used wine as a...?

question

yellow bile and phlegm

answer

They believed wine promoted...?

question

better the wine quality and vintage

answer

The _____ the more medicinally effective the wine was.

question

False: They continued wine-drinking tradition

answer

True/False: The barbarians that invaded Rome preferred beer to wine.

question

Christianity

answer

What else helped the continuation of wine-drinking tradition?

question

religious figures: very small amounts needed for communion

answer

Who drank most of the wine used for Christian ceremonies?

question

two of his disciples had a fight during a drinking party

answer

Why did Muhammad abhor wine?

question

Islam's rise to dominance meant that power was now in the hands of Arabian desert tribes instead of previously elite people of the Mediterranean coast -- replaced wheeled vehicles with camels, chairs with cushions, and banned wine -- the utmost symbol of sophistication

answer

What was Islam's ban on wine more likely caused by?

question

its significance in the rival Christian faith

answer

Why else were Muslims predisposed to wine?

question

overindulge

answer

Some people took Islam's prohibition to simply mean one shouldn't...?

question

Iberian Peninsula

answer

Diluted grape and other kinds of wine continued to be served in places like where?

question

whether the land was within the former boundaries of the Roman Empire

answer

In medieval Europe, where beer was dominant vs. where wine was dominant depended on what?

question

yes: beer dominant in Britain

answer

Was there an exception to this?

question

-- Spain -- France -- Italy

answer

What are the leading producers of wine today?

question

Luxembourg (in France) and Italy

answer

Who are the leading consumers?

question

Islamic Cordoba in Spain

answer

At the close of the 1st millennium, what was the most advanced city in the world?

question

Arab world, at least millennium of 4000 BCE CHECK ON THIS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

answer

Where was distillation invented and how far back?

question

Arabs, particularly Arab scholar Jabir ibn Hayyan, one of the fathers of chemistry

answer

Who markedly improved distillation and when?

question

To strengthen wine because alcohol has lower boiling point than water, resulting in alcohol-rich vapors. This new drink -- spirits -- was originally intended to be used for medicinal purposes.

answer

What was distillation originally used for?

question

Age of Exploration, Europe and its colonies, the drink's durability

answer

When, where, and why did spirits start to become popular to casually drink?

question

12th century with Italian alchemist Michael Salernus, but really picked up in the 13th century as medical schools began popping up throughout continent.

answer

When did knowledge of drink spread to Europe?

question

regarded it as panacea, calling it aqua de vite

answer

How did Europeans originally feel about spirits?

question

for its intoxicating effects, knowledge of distillation spread even further thanks to invention of printing press

answer

Why did spirits become even more popular in the 15th century?

question

it was stronger than local brews

answer

Why did slave traders in Africa except spirits as payment?

question

gift of alcohol presented to African slave traders before negotiations began

answer

dashee or bizy

question

Barbados, 1640s

answer

When and where was rum first made?

question

Portuguese name for drink made by fermenting the foam on the top of the sugar cane juice that formed as it was being boiled and distilling the result

answer

cane brandy

question

Barbados / molasses (chief byproduct of sugar-making process) used instead

answer

Where and how was the technique of making cane brandy further refined?

question

allowed cane brandy to be made cheap without any reduction in sugar production

answer

What was the advantage of this?

question

European beers and wines often spoiled by the time they reached Barbados, and were costly to import

answer

Why was rum such a good alternative to European beers and wines?

question

-- originally called kill-devil because extremely strong but not possessing pleasant taste -- travelers to Barbados in 1651 found preferred drink there was Rumbullion X slang word from Southern England meaning "brawl" or "violent commotion" X often the outcome of drinking it X shortened to rum

answer

Describe the evolution of the name of the drink known today as rum.

question

owners got them addicted to it

answer

How was rum used to control slaves?

question

as a medicine

answer

What was another use of rum?

question

sailors

answer

Who did rum become very popular among?

question

watered-down version of rum with sugar and lime added to it

answer

What is grog?

question

British Navy Admiral Edward Vernon whose nickname was "Old Grogram"

answer

Who invented grog?

question

reduced instances of scurvy: -- wasting disease caused by Vitamin C deficiency X lemon and lime juice contain Vitamin C -- other navies didn't drink grog

answer

How did grog contribute to the British Navy's rise to supremacy?

question

rum could be used to buy slaves to make sugar, the byproduct or which was rum which could be used to buy more slaves

answer

Describe the circular economy of the slave--for--rum trade.

question

Brandy helped to kick it off. Rum made it profitable

answer

Describe how trans-Atlantic trade was affected by rum and brandy.

question

the climate

answer

Why couldn't English colonizing North America make beer?

question

second half of 17th century

answer

When did rum begin to serve as an essential substitute there for beer?

question

importing molasses from West Indies and distilling it into a lower quality but far cheaper rum

answer

What New England's economy become entirely based on?

question

rum had become alcoholic currency for African slaves

answer

Why did slave traders in particular buy a lot of New English rum?

question

New English distilleries were buying molasses from French colonies rather than English ones

answer

What started or caused the Molasses Act?

question

put 6-pence tax on every gallon of foreign molasses bought, 1733

answer

What did the Molasses Act originally do and when was it passed?

question

They didn't produce nearly enough and what they did produce was of lower quality than French molasses

answer

What was the problem with importing molasses from English colonies?

question

completely ignored Act, American Revolution

answer

How did the English distilleries react? What was this an early step to?

question

French Indian War

answer

After what did the Molasses Act start becoming much more heavily enforced?

question

distilled fermented cereal grains

answer

whiskey

question

when they began to move West

answer

When did Americans begin to favor whiskey over rum?

question

-- Revolutionary War interrupted Molasses Trade -- because it was an imported product, molasses was expensive to move West -- cereal grains easier to grow farther inland

answer

Why?

question

nothing funny on the back of the card this time

answer

Read about Whiskey Rebellion in notes.

question

NAs though it was like local hallucinogenic plants, spirits had magical powers that could be accessed only if the drinker was completely intoxicated

answer

What is believed to be the origin of Native Americans' enthusiasm about spirits?

question

supplied large quantities of alcohol when trading with the NAs -- French -- brandy: fur traders in Canada used it for example -- British -- rum -- Spanish -- mescal

answer

How did the Europeans exploit Natives' enthusiasm about spirits?

question

distilled version of pulque

answer

mescal

question

Aztec drink, mildly alcoholic fermented juice of avage plant

answer

pulque

question

just thought you should know

answer

Along with gunpowder and infectious diseases, spirits helped to secure European dominance over the Americas and their indigenous people.

question

The spread of the Scientific Revolution / Age of Reason / Enlightenment -- spread of new rationalism throughout Europe

answer

What mirrored the spread of coffee?

question

mild alcohol

answer

Before coffee, what did people start the day out with?

question

people were stimulated in the morning, made more alert, rather than slightly inebriated, dizzy, and hazy

answer

What was the benefit of drinking coffee rather than that?

question

Alcohol: It provided sobriety rather than inebriation

answer

What was coffee considered the antithesis of?

question

No. In fact it causes alcohol to leave the bloodstream more slowly, but it increases alertness.

answer

Does coffee really combat inebriation?

question

never drunk by Greeks or Romans, making it perfect for age when everyone wanted to escape their outdated scientific philosophy

answer

Why was coffee the perfect drink for the Age of Reason?

question

coffee berries boiled in water

answer

coffee

question

in Yemen in the 15th century

answer

When and where did coffee first become a popular drink?

question

No: People in the Islamic world may have chewed on berries for their stimulating effects long before that.

answer

Was it the first time people had used the berries on a major scale?

question

Muhammad al-Dhabhani: -- scholar -- member of Sufi order of Islam which performed many nocturnal rituals X needed way of staying awake -- died in 1470

answer

Though unknown, who is the invention of coffee generally attributed to? Occupation? Reason for inventing it? Date of death?

question

gahwah

answer

What is coffee known as in Arabic?

question

-- 1510 -- reached Mecca and Cairo -- spread all over the Middle East from those two cultural centers

answer

Describe the percolation of coffee throughout the Arab world.

question

whether coffee should be prohibited because of intoxicating effects (Quranic Law)

answer

When coffee reached Mecca and Cairo, what large debate sprang up regarding it?

question

coffeehouses had begun to spring up: -- places of rumor, gossip, and political/satirical discussion -- places where board games like chess/backgammon played X betting illegal

answer

Why in particular did many politicians express disapproval?

question

no law was being broken

answer

Why did attempts to close coffeehouses ultimately fail?

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