AP World History – Last minute study/Review

During 2.5 million - 12000 years B.C.E. - Discovery of clothing (animal skin) & creation of fire - First sign of culture - Cave paintings

- Bronze Age occurred during this time period - Signs of civilization - houses & irrigation - An example: Çatal hoyuk in Anatolia (Turkey), 7000 B.C.E.

\"Age of Pyramids,\" age of Pharaohs, lasted 2575 to 2134 B.C.E., ruled by a pharaoh & bureaucracy - Self-sufficient & self-interested with limited contact to outsiders (exception of trade)

During 2040 - 1640 B.C.E. -Generally ruled by Hyksos (a group of mixed Semitic-Asiatics) until pharaoh of upper Egypt takes over - Egypt invades Nubia (along Nile River, south of Egypt) to gain control of its gold fields & to prevent Nubian leaders to serve as middlemen in the trans-Saharan trade network

During 1532-1070 B.C.E. - Farther south into kingdom of Kush - Egyptian culture spread in Kush & Nubia, with Egyptian control over these areas for over 500 years + In the last millenium B.C.E., power shifted south to powerful leaders in Nubia + Nubian rule ended with the invasion of the Assyrians in 660 B.C.E. & in 4th century B.C.E., power shifted farther south to Meroë (sub-Saharan customs replaced Egyptian ones)

9000 B.C.E.

- By the year 1 C.E., this region south of the Sahara became culturally mixed - Domesticated the camel in the first millennium B.C.E., when trade expanded significantly - Also during this time, the Bantu people provided unity & spread their many languages (300+) which can be traced to the Niger-Congo region - Became a key role in the Indian Ocean's trade network

- Land between this Tigris & Euphrates Rivers + 8000 B.C.E. - First domestication of plants & animals occurred in the Middle East in the Fertile Crescent (encompasses the area from the Persian Gulf through Iraq to the area around the border between Syria & Turkey) - Agricultural Revolution reached this area around 5000 B.C.E. - Babylonia (south) - King Hammurabi (invented the Law Code inscribed on a stone pillar) - Women were put under stricter conditions with the transition from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle to the agriculture-based settled communities but could own property and engage in trade in city-states - Used cattle &donkeys as a source of transportation before camel & horses - By 1500 B.C.E., this region was divided into Babylonia (south) & Assyria (north)

- Historians consider this the first empire, from 911-612 B.C.E. - Conquered regions and peoples by terror & mass deportation - Professional soldiers - Ended due to the hatred of its conquered peoples

- East coast of Mediterranean, about 2000 B.C.E. - Poor in natural resources, but located at the crossroads of important trade routes - According to the Hebrew Bible, the story of Israelites begins with Abraham (father of Judaism, Christianity, & Islam) - Israelites reached their political & economic peak in 10th century B.C.E. under King Solomon, who constructed the First Temple - Neo-Assyrian Empire conquered the region around Israel in 721 B.C.E. & in 587 B.C.E., the Neo-Babylonian Empire attacked Jerusalem - Judaism survived the dispersal of Jews from their homeland (Diaspora)

- Various groups that made their homeland in modern-day Iran joined to form the largest empire the world had yet seen - The Medes took the lead in challenging the Assyrian Empire & precipitating its collapse - 550 B.C.E., the Persians, led by Cyrus put together an empire stretching from Greece to India & from the Caucasus Mtns to North Africa - Darius I divided the empire into 20 provinces, each administered by a satrap (provincial governor) - Darius I & followers practiced Zoroastrianism (May have influenced Judaism)

Ongoing conflict with the Persians in the 5th & 4th centuries B.C.E. - Persian Empire eventually succumbed to this empire (led by Alexander the Great) in 330 B.C.E. - Next 300 years, the region captured from the Persian Empire experienced the influence of Greek culture known as the Hellenistic Age

The rise of this empire ended the Hellenistic Age - Extended through Anatolia & by 6 C.E. reached present-day Israel & Palestine - Occupied the eastern Mediterranean region & sat at the end of the Silk Road (brought goods from as far as China) - Polytheistic & pagan nature of Roman religion did not blend well with the tenets of Judaism & Christianity

- Muslim sect that established the Umayyad caliphate in 661 - Capital - Damascus, Syria

Abu Bakr -First task was to organize Muhammad's revelations into a book (the Quran, written in Arabic)

- the statement of faith in one god and Muhammad as his messenger - Prayer five times a day - Fasting during Ramadan - Charity through giving to the poor - Completion of at least one pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)

This dynasty rose to power in 1750 B.C.E. & lasted until 1027 B.C.E. - Originated in the Yellow River Valley - Its king was seen as an intermediary between gods & the people - Far off lands were ruled by native rulers who swore their allegiance to the king

This dynasty defeated the Shang Dynasty in 1027 B.C.E. - 3rd Century B.C.E. - Introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven (lasted 300 years) - New ruler was seen as the \"Son of Heaven\" & his duty was to me a moral servant of the people - Around 800 B.C.E. territories began to compete with one another for power until 480 B.C.E., when China entered a 200 year phase called the Warring States Period - Many rulers of states imposed and authoritarian system known as Legalism (human nature is evil & must be governed/punished) - Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) established his teachings, drawing parallels between the family & the state - The Warring States Period inspired Laozi (6th century B.C.E.) who conceived Daoism as an alternative to Lagalism (Acceptance of the world)

First empire, arose in the 3rd century B.C.E. under Shi Huangdi - Promoted Legalism - Totalitarian - Upon Shia Huangdi's death, people rose up against rule & the empire ended in 206 B.C.E.

This dynasty arose in 206 B.C.E. after the collapse of Qin Empire & lasted until 220 C.E. - Classical period - Men were required to give service for 1 month each year for infrastructure & 2 years for military service - Silk, paper, crossbow, horse collar - innovations - Cost of maintaining military presence on the frontier, government corruption, peasant rebellions, & the rise of regional warlords returned China to a period of fragmentation until the Sui unification of the late 6th century C.E.

This area is separated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas to the north & the Indian Ocean on the other 3 sides - Civilization developed along the Indus River shortly after it did in Egypt & Mesopotamia - 1500 B.C.E. - nomadic warriors from the northwest migrated here - The Vedic Age saw the rise to dominance of Indo-European groups - After 1000 B.C.E., lighter-skinned Aryas (Indo-European languages) competed with darker-skinned Dasas (Dravidian languages) - Aryas pushed the Dasas south & skin color became basis for making social divisions based on varna (4 major social classes)

Rose in India, occupying all except its southernmost tip in 324 B.C.E. & lasted until 184 B.C.E. when it was attacked by outsiders - Most famous king of this empire was Ashoka (Chandragupta Maurya's grandson), who converted to Buddhism after brutal military campaigns - Constructed roads & towns that increased role in trade networks connecting East & Southeast Asia with the Middle East & Europe

After 500 years of rivalry after the collapse of the Mauryan Empire, this empire arose - Concept of \"zero\" - Developed Arabic numerals - Kings offered local leaders shares of trade profits as an incentive to remain part of the empire - Collapsed in 550 C.E. when the Huns of Central Asia attacked the empire

Includes Indochina, Malaysia, & the many islands extending into the Pacific Ocean

an Indo- European people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.

Was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon and Syria.[2] Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC, between the period of 1200 BC to 900 BC. Though ancient boundaries of such city-centered cultures fluctuated, the city of Tyre seems to have been the southernmost. Sarepta (modern day Sarafand) between Sidon and Tyre, is the most thoroughly excavated city of the Phoenician homeland. The Phoenicians often traded by means of a galley, a man-powered sailing vessel.

Earliest Mesoamerican culture; made eight giant stone heads; highly sophisticated society; had a large class of farmers and a small powerful elite class

An early pre-Incan civilization that flourished in northern and central Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C., known for its carved stone sculptures and boldly designed ceramics.

Iranian empire, established ca. 226, with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia. The Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islamic Arab armies overthrew the empire ca. 640. (p. 225)

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century until its downfall to the Ottomans in 1453. Famous for being a center of Orthodox Christianity and Greek-based culture.

Also known as \"The Dark Ages\". a new society slowly emerged based on the classical heritage of rome, the beliefs of the roman catholic church, and the customs of various germanic tribes. The Catholic Chruch had power and not much was going going on. It was a very slow time period. everyone was worried about the black plague.

African state based on Islamic views; most successful with using jihads

this began with the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914; Austria-Hungary declared this on Serbia & Russia; war between The Allies and The Central Powers, U.S. joined in the war; Russia was destroyed; President Wilson was president during this war

WAR CREATED BY THE EMERGENCE OF TOTALITARIANISM COUNTRIES LIKE RUSSIA, GERMANY, AND ITALY CREATED INSTABILITY IN EUROPE. COMMUNIST RUSSIA, UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF STALIN, BECAME A THREAT TO EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. ITALY WAS A FASCIST, BELLIGERENT STATE WHERE INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES WERE IGNORED. GERMANY, UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF ADOLF HITLER, WAS READY TO AVENGE THE HUMILIATING TREATMENT IT SUFFERED AS A RESULT OF WWI. IN THE PACIFIC, JAPAN WAS BUILDING AN EMPIRE THAT ALREADY CONQUERED PARTS OF CHINA. GERMANY, ITALY, AND JAPAN CREATED THE AXIS POWERS, AND RUSSIA, FRANCE, AND ENGLAND BECAME THE ALLIES. THE WAR STARTED WITH THE GERMAN INVASION OF POLAND IN 1939. 2 DAYS LATER, FRANCE AND ENGLAND DECLARED WAR AGAINST GERMANY. HITLER CONQUERED MOST OF EUROPE IN A RELATIVELY SHORT TIME. THE U.S. SUPPORTED THE ALLIES WITH SUPPLIES AND WEAPONS BUT DID NOT SEND TROOPS. ALTHOUGH IT REMAINED NEUTRAL FOR THE FIRST FEW YEARS OF THE WAR, THE US JOINED THE ALLIES WHEN JAPAN ATTACKED ITS NAVAL BASE IN PEARL HARBOR, HAWAII, IN 1941.

a full-scale ideological and military conflict between the US and the Soviet Union and their allies that led to several hot wars around the globe, although the Americans and Soviets, fearful of a nuclear showdown, never fought each other directly.

Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. Confucian ruler. Maintained empire through a system of roads with horses, human runners, inns, postal stations, and stables. Equitable distribution of agricultural land kept land out of the hands of wealthy elite. Government jobs in extensive bureaucracy were merit based, determined through a series of civil service examination. Military conquests included Manchuria, Tibet, Korea and the northern part of Vietnam

(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings

a dominant city of ancient Greece in the fifth century B.C. famous for strict discipline and training of soldiers

republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, which sometimes placed at 44 BC the year of Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator or, more commonly, 27 BC the year that the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title \"Augustus\".

Term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title priceps (\"first citizen\") adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship.