AP World History Chapters 8 & 9 Terms – Flashcards
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chu nom
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"southern script;" a variation of Chinese writing that developed in Vietnam; provided the basis for independent national (Vietnamese) literature and a vehicle for the most educated women
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dhimmis
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protected second class subjects within the world of Islam; "people of the book;" included Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians
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Emperor Wendi
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Sui ruler (581-604 C.E.) who supported the spread of Buddhism and used it to support military campaigns
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foot binding
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a product of tightened patriarchy during the Song Dynasty (10th-11th centuries); associated with beauty but also served to keep women in "inner quarters"
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hadith
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sayings and deeds of Muhammad
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hajj
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pillar of Islam; pilgrimage to Mecca
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hangul
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phonetic alphabet of Korea developed in the 13th century that established cultural independence from Chin
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Hangzhou
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apical of China during the Song Dynasty; described by Marco Polo as the most magnificent city in the world
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hijra
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the journey of Muhammad from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) in 622; marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar
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House of Wisdom
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established in Baghdad in 830 by Abbasid caliph al-Mamun; its thinkers, known as Mutazalites argued the reason (influenced by Greek texts) rather than revaluation would reveal the truth; faced increasing criticism
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Ibn Battuta
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14th century Arab traveler from Morocco; displeased with the Islamic practices of West Africa
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Ibn Sina
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known for setting standards for medical practice in Islamic and Christian worlds for centuries
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Izumi Shikibu
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illustrious female poet from Japan
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jihad
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Arabic for "struggle;" some call jihad the "sixth pillar;" as Muhammad directed, an inner struggle against greed and selfishness; jihad of the sword refers to the outer struggle against evil and unbelief
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jizya
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special tax administered to non-Muslims that allowed them to practice their faith within the Islamic world; substituted for military service
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Khitan/Jurchen people
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two groups who established states in Northern China forced tribute on the Song dynasty
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madrassas
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11th century colleges that taught advanced instruction in the Quran and the sayings of Muhammad; focused on Islamic law
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Mansa Musa
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ruler of 14th century Mali who made a pilgrimage to Mecca; sponsored building of Mosques, places and the transformation of Timbuktu into an Islamic center of learning
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Quran
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the sacred scriptures of Islam as revealed to Muhammad from 610-632 C.E.
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samurai
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the warrior class of Japan that emerged when political power there became increasingly decentralized
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sharia
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Islamic law, regulates every aspect of life; does not separate religious law from civil law
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Shotoku Taishi
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aristocrat from a major clan in Japan who emerged as a ruler and based Japanese rule on a Chinese-style empire; issued the Seventeen Article Constitution that among other things encouraged both Buddhism and Confucianism
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Sikhism
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new and distinct religion in India that emerged in the 16th century; blends elements of Islam (on true God) and Hinduism (karma and rebirth)
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Silla Dynasty (Korea)
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(688-900 C.E.) allied with China in the 7th century to bring political unity to the Korean Peninsula; later resisted (successfully) China's effort to assimilate them, thereafter establishing a tribute relationship with Korea; followed by the Koryo (918-a392) and Yi (1392-1910) dynasties
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Song Dynasty
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960-1279 C.E.; witnessed the rise of Neo-Confucianiam; capital was Hangzhou; pushed south by nomadic Jurchen people who controlled parts of Northern China (Jin Empire); also witnessed economic revolution via a move toward commercial markets rather than domestic consumption
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Sufism
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mystics of Islam who sought a direct and personal relationship with the divine; saw the expanding of the empire as a distraction; renounced material world, practice music and dance
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Sui Dynasty
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reunified China and ruled from 589-618 C.E.; known for building canals that linked northern and southern China
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Tang Dynasty
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ruled China following the collapse of the Sui from 618-907 C.E.; extended Chinese control deep into Central Asia; together with Song was known as the "Golden Age of arts and literature
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tribute system
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helped China manage its relationships with its neighbors; required non-Chinese authorities to acknowledge Chinese superiority, and their own subordinate role; also required the kowtow (ritual bowing) and gifts of value from their countries
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ulama
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religious scholars; held religious authority especially for Sunni Muslims;important in transmitting the beliefs and practices of Islam
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Ummayyad caliphate
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the first dynasty after the Rightly Guided Caliphs; ruled from 661-750C.E.; moved capital from Medina to Damascus; ruling class was held by Arab aristocrats
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umma
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the just and moral society of Islam; the community of believers replacing tribal, ethnic, or racial identities
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Xiognu
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a confederacy of northern nomads during the Han dynasty that negotiated equality with China; in fact reversing the tribute system; a similar change came from the Uighurs during the Tang Dynasty (8th century)
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