AP World History Chapters 8 & 9 Terms – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Abbasid Caliphate
answer
second Arab dynasty; ruled from 750-1258; Persian played a more prominent role; capital was moved to Baghdad
question
al-Andalus
answer
Arab name given to Muslim Spain; capital at Cordoba; initially a place of tolerance between Muslims, Christians and Jews but persecution increased in the late 10th century
question
al-Ghalazi
answer
major Islamic thinker who reconciled Sufism and the legalistic practices of the ulama
question
bushido
answer
"the way of the warrior;" bravery, loyalty, endurance, honor, preference from death over surrender
question
chu nom
answer
"southern script;" a variation of Chinese writing that developed in Vietnam; provided the basis for independent national (Vietnamese) literature and a vehicle for the most educated women
question
dhimmis
answer
protected second class subjects within the world of Islam; "people of the book;" included Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians
question
Emperor Wendi
answer
Sui ruler (581-604 C.E.) who supported the spread of Buddhism and used it to support military campaigns
question
foot binding
answer
a product of tightened patriarchy during the Song Dynasty (10th-11th centuries); associated with beauty but also served to keep women in "inner quarters"
question
hadith
answer
sayings and deeds of Muhammad
question
hajj
answer
pillar of Islam; pilgrimage to Mecca
question
hangul
answer
phonetic alphabet of Korea developed in the 13th century that established cultural independence from Chin
question
Hangzhou
answer
apical of China during the Song Dynasty; described by Marco Polo as the most magnificent city in the world
question
hijra
answer
the journey of Muhammad from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) in 622; marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar
question
House of Wisdom
answer
established in Baghdad in 830 by Abbasid caliph al-Mamun; its thinkers, known as Mutazalites argued the reason (influenced by Greek texts) rather than revaluation would reveal the truth; faced increasing criticism
question
Ibn Battuta
answer
14th century Arab traveler from Morocco; displeased with the Islamic practices of West Africa
question
Ibn Sina
answer
known for setting standards for medical practice in Islamic and Christian worlds for centuries
question
Izumi Shikibu
answer
illustrious female poet from Japan
question
jihad
answer
Arabic for "struggle;" some call jihad the "sixth pillar;" as Muhammad directed, an inner struggle against greed and selfishness; jihad of the sword refers to the outer struggle against evil and unbelief
question
jizya
answer
special tax administered to non-Muslims that allowed them to practice their faith within the Islamic world; substituted for military service
question
Khitan/Jurchen people
answer
two groups who established states in Northern China forced tribute on the Song dynasty
question
madrassas
answer
11th century colleges that taught advanced instruction in the Quran and the sayings of Muhammad; focused on Islamic law
question
Mansa Musa
answer
ruler of 14th century Mali who made a pilgrimage to Mecca; sponsored building of Mosques, places and the transformation of Timbuktu into an Islamic center of learning
question
Quran
answer
the sacred scriptures of Islam as revealed to Muhammad from 610-632 C.E.
question
samurai
answer
the warrior class of Japan that emerged when political power there became increasingly decentralized
question
sharia
answer
Islamic law, regulates every aspect of life; does not separate religious law from civil law
question
Shotoku Taishi
answer
aristocrat from a major clan in Japan who emerged as a ruler and based Japanese rule on a Chinese-style empire; issued the Seventeen Article Constitution that among other things encouraged both Buddhism and Confucianism
question
Sikhism
answer
new and distinct religion in India that emerged in the 16th century; blends elements of Islam (on true God) and Hinduism (karma and rebirth)
question
Silla Dynasty (Korea)
answer
(688-900 C.E.) allied with China in the 7th century to bring political unity to the Korean Peninsula; later resisted (successfully) China's effort to assimilate them, thereafter establishing a tribute relationship with Korea; followed by the Koryo (918-a392) and Yi (1392-1910) dynasties
question
Song Dynasty
answer
960-1279 C.E.; witnessed the rise of Neo-Confucianiam; capital was Hangzhou; pushed south by nomadic Jurchen people who controlled parts of Northern China (Jin Empire); also witnessed economic revolution via a move toward commercial markets rather than domestic consumption
question
Sufism
answer
mystics of Islam who sought a direct and personal relationship with the divine; saw the expanding of the empire as a distraction; renounced material world, practice music and dance
question
Sui Dynasty
answer
reunified China and ruled from 589-618 C.E.; known for building canals that linked northern and southern China
question
Tang Dynasty
answer
ruled China following the collapse of the Sui from 618-907 C.E.; extended Chinese control deep into Central Asia; together with Song was known as the "Golden Age of arts and literature
question
tribute system
answer
helped China manage its relationships with its neighbors; required non-Chinese authorities to acknowledge Chinese superiority, and their own subordinate role; also required the kowtow (ritual bowing) and gifts of value from their countries
question
ulama
answer
religious scholars; held religious authority especially for Sunni Muslims;important in transmitting the beliefs and practices of Islam
question
Ummayyad caliphate
answer
the first dynasty after the Rightly Guided Caliphs; ruled from 661-750C.E.; moved capital from Medina to Damascus; ruling class was held by Arab aristocrats
question
umma
answer
the just and moral society of Islam; the community of believers replacing tribal, ethnic, or racial identities
question
Xiognu
answer
a confederacy of northern nomads during the Han dynasty that negotiated equality with China; in fact reversing the tribute system; a similar change came from the Uighurs during the Tang Dynasty (8th century)
