AP World History Chapters 1-7 Overview – Flashcards
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What were the most important developments in pre-history?
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The beginnings of agriculture, first through semi-cultivation, and then through clearing fields and specializing tools for planting and harvesting The beginnings of domestication of animals and pastoralism
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Why is the Neolithic Revolution considered so highly significant?
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It brought about: permanent dwellings, villages and towns specialized labor because of food surpluses the need for record keeping - so brought about written language the need for social order - so brought about government
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How were early civilizations shaped by the rivers?
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Rivers shaped: world view as predictable and orderly or unpredictable and frightening. religious view of gods needing to be appeased or benevolent. Agriculture helping to determine when and where crops could be planted Agriculture determining whether irrigation was needed or not
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Who were some of the first ethnic groups of Mesopotamia?
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The Sumerians and the Semites (both later assimilated)
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fallow
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cultivated land that is not seeded for one or more growing seasons
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megalith
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Structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes in Neolithic times
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lugal
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"Big man" - or king - in Ancient Mesopotamia
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Who/what were the two powers over Mesopotamia?
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THe temples and palaces
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Hammurabi's Code
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an organized set of laws that established a way of life with law and order (rules and punishments) for the ancient Mesopotamians.
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What method of writing was used in ancient Mesopotamia?
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cuneiform
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scribe
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A scholar charged by the temple with reading and writing tasks
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ziggurat
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a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians
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Historians divide Egypt history into 30 dynasties and also a system of ______, ______, and _______ kingdoms.
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Old, Middle, New
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city-state
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a self-governing urban center
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weir
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a partial dam
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Harappa
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Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials.
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dowry
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money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage
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What was the first official Chinese dynsaty?
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Shang
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Babylon
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The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 14)
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Hieroglyphs
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System of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. Used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt. (p. 26)
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forager
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People who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gatherings wild edible plants and insects
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Stone Age
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The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age. (p. 6)
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divination
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used to determine will of gods; used before taking action; involved sacrifices to gods & ancestors
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Which dynasty followed the Shang dynasty in China?
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Zhou
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yang
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male, sun, active, bright shining
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yin
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moon, passive, shaded, reflective
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Kush
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name given by Egyptians to kingdom whose capital was located at Kerma in tropical Africa; beginning around 1750 B.C.E. kings marshaled labor force to build monumental walls & structures of mud brick; servants & wives sacrificed for burial w/ kings, rich objects found in tombs - rulers were rich & powerful & belief in afterlife; good metal & pottery
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feng shui
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The orientation of buildings - especially notable in China
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barbarians
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nomadic people
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What two metals help make bronze?
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copper and tin
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Who defeated the last Shang king?
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Wu, the first ruler of Zhou dynasty
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Who was the "Son of Heaven"?
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The ruling monarch who obeyed the "Mandate of Heaven"
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What do legalists believe?
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All human beings are wicked in nature and only obey with strict laws and harsh punishment
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When was the Warring States Period?
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480-221 BCE, Zhou dynasty
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Who were the warlike group of people from Ireland?
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The Celts
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Meroe
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center of the Kush dynasty from about 250 B.C. to A.D. 150; known for its manufacture of iron weapons and tools
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What animal was an important symbol in Chavin religion?
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the jaguar
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Olmec
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The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86)
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From where did the Hittite people originate?
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Anatolia
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Who was the first to develop technology for making tools out of iron?
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the Hittites
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The New Kingdom of Egypt started when ____
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the Hyksos were expelled from Egypt
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Ramesses II
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A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a military standoff. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt.
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Where was the Minoan civilization?
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The island of Crete
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Who was probably responsible for destroying the Minoan civilization?
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Mycenaean Greeks
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shaft graves
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Term used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid-second millennium B.C.E.
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Who founded Carthage?
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The Phoenicians.
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In the Assyrian Empire, the king had both _____ and ______ duties. Some of his duties were ________
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religious and secular. Supervising the state religion, running the military, solving complaints. The chief responsibility being supervising the religion.
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At it's peak, the Assyrian military had _____ troops.
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1/2 million
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Israel was a crossroad linking Assyrian Empire to _______, and Arabia to _______.
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Egypt, Mesopotamia
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The Israelites were _______.
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nomads
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Who was the first king of Israel, and therefore created the monarchy?
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Saul
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Under which monarch was the 1st Temple of Jerusalem built?
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Solomon
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When did Israel split into two separate states?
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After Solomon's death (920 BCE)
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In 721 BCE, the Assyrians captured which Israeli state?
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Israel (Northern kingdom)
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Where was Tyre located?
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Phoenicia
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What was the start of Tyre expansion/colonization?
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Cyprus
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Carthaginian power relied on what?
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The navy
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Which two groups destroyed the major cities of the Assyrian Empire?
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The Neo-Babylonians and the Medes
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Which emperor divided the Persian Empire into 20 provinces?
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Darius I
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Zoroastrianism
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A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil.
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Which religions did Zoroastrianism indirectly influence?
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Christianity and Judaism
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The Greeks created an alphabet after contact with whom?
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The Phoenicians
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What are some characteristics of a poli?
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public buildings, no distinction of poor and rich areas
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Hoplite
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a heavily armed Greek foot soldier
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After the tyrants, what political structure did Athens take?
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A democracy
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Poli
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An urban center and the rural territory it controlled
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Who was the "father of history"?
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Herodotus
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Where did the Spartans first conquer?
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Messenia
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Persians seized and sacked Athens under what monarch?
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Xeres
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Aristotle was an apprentice/disciple of _____ who was an apprentice/disciple of ______.
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Plato, Socrates
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The Athenian democracy was true to what percent of the population?
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10 to 15
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Who were the opposing forces in the Peloponnesian war?
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Athens and Sparta
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Alexander, of Macedonia, revenged what empire and for what?
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the Persian, for Xerxes' invasion of Greece
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The Macedonian Empire divided into what three kingdoms after Alexander the Great's death?
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Seleucid, Ptolemaic, and Antigonid
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Why did the Persians and Greeks come into conflict?
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Darius 1 went into Europe extending Perisan Empire into Thres; basically, a series of invasions and revolting
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Though the first Rome was a republic, it wasn't a ________.
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democracy
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Paterfamilia
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The oldest male of a family, and therefore the head of the family
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Which empire allowed citizenship to those they conquered?
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The Roman
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What essentially lead to the fall of the Republic?
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Julius Caesar starting the chain of emperors.
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Octavian, later known as Augustus, added what lands to the Roman Empire under his reign?
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Egypt, Middle East, and Central Europe
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Which Roman emperor granted citizenship to all free, adult males?
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Caracalla
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What does AD stand for?
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Ano Domini
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What three inventions during the Roman Empire are considered notable?
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aqueducts, arches, and concrete
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In the 3rd century crisis in the Roman Empire, how many empires reigned?
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more than 20
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Which emperor saved the Roman Empire with his laws that set a certain price for goods?
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Diocletian
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Which emperor was the first to stop the persecution of Christians and move the capital of the Empire to Byzantium, later renamed Constantinople?
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Constantine I
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When was Rome sacked by the German barbarians?
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476 CE
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What was the basic unit of Chinese society in Han China?
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the family
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Who was the first emperor of Qin period?
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Shi Huangdi
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What did Shi Huangdi and Li Si abolish in Qin China?
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Primogeniture and slavery
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Who established the Han dynasty?
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Liu Bang
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Gentry
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people of standing(rank or position); people of good family or high social position; class of people just below nobility
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What makes India very hard to unify, even today?
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Its geography
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The Brahmin had a monopoly over what?
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religion
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Who founded Jainism?
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Mahavira (Jina)
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Who gained control and created India's first empire, the Mauryan Empire, in late 4th century BCE?
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Changdragupta Maurya
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What was the tax rate in the Mauryan Empire?
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25% on agriculture
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What was the Gupta Empire tax rate?
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1/4 (well close enough, like 24%) on agriculture
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Women in the Gupta Empire were treated equivalent to which level of varna?
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the lowest
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What important mathematical concept did the Indians of the Gupta Empire invent?
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The concept of 0
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What are the three regions of Southeast Asia?
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Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, and surrounding islands
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theater state
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A state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies (as well as redistributing valuable resources) to attract and bind subjects to the center.
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When were the two periods of heavy use of the Silk Road?
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150-907 CE, 1200-1600 CE
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What group of people developed the stirrup?
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The Kushans
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What style of sails did the Mediterranean sailors use during Alexander the Great's rule?
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square
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What group of people from Southeast Asia sailed to Madagascar?
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The Malay people
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entrepot
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Big commercial center for importing and exporting commodities.
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What animal is shown in Saharan rock art to prove water was available for grazing of animals?
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a cow
