AP World History Chapter 9: Hinduism – Flashcards
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historians
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can't study miracles
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sanctification of time
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calendars and holidays specific to a religion
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sanctification of space
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sacred geography where miraculous things happen
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sanctification of language and literature
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religious texts and languages
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sanctification of artistic and cultural creativity
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creative religious efforts and art to express and enhance the message
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sanctification of family and ancestors
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respect and admiration or worship of ancestors
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Hinduism
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began before recorded time
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Hinduism
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emerged through the weaving together of many diverse, ancient religious traditions of India
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Hinduism
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evolved from the experience of indian people
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Hinduism
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based in Sanskrit
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Indus Valley Civilization
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may have contributed many of Hinduism'a principal gods and goddesses
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Tribals
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people living in India before the arrival of the Aryans; 10% of the indian population
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Pilgrim Traffic
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modern transportation has increased this throughout India
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important Hindu shrines
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at far corners of India; Somnath, Haridwar, Rishikesh, Puri, Kanya Kumari
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Bharat Darshan
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travel to all of the important shrines would provide a pilgrim with this; view of the entire geography of india
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pilgrim routes
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helped to unify both Hinduism and India
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Hindu
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living, changing of beliefs and practices; great flexibility and variety of beliefs exist
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Rigveda
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collection of 1028 verses of Sanskrit poetry composed by Brahmin priests of the Aryan people
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Agni
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god of various kinds of fire
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Indra
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phallic god of rain and fertility
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Surya
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god of the sun
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Varuna
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sovereign of the world who assures that the cosmic law is maintained
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Vedic Worship
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takes the form of animal sacrifice offered on sacred alters
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Rigveda
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speculates on the creation of the world, but doesn't pretend to know the true answers
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how the caste system started
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primeval sacrifice of a mythical creature, Purusha
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Brahmin priest
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Purusha's mouth became known as this caste
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Rajanya or Warrior
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Purushna's two arms became known as
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Vaishyas or business people and farmers or landlords
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Purushna's two thighs became known as
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Shudra or person of the lower working class
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Purushna's two feet became known as
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Caste
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believed to be hereditary
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Caste System
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means of ordering the multitude of the various immigrants; result of a frozen ecosystem; assurance that you won't fall lower
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Jati
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tens of thousands of localized castes
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Caste
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arranged locally; no national force to make rules for them
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Outcastes or Untouchables
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people outside of the caste system because of the polluting work they perform such as handling dead things
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Brahmanas
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set rules for Brahmins such as sacrifice and worship and include discussions of origins of rituals and myths of the immortal gods
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Upanishads
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devoted primarily to mystical speculation and proclaim the oneness of the individual and the universe
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Brahman
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universal spirit
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Atman
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spirit of the individual
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Brahman and Atman
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ultimately the same substance
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Samsara
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each Atman will eventually be joined with Brahman through the process of this
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Samsara
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reincarnation
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Dharma
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set of religious and ethical duties each creature must follow; differ according to ritual staus
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Karma
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set of activities of each creature and the effects these activities have on its Atman
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Moksha
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release from the travails of life on earth and ultimate union with Brahmin
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Brahmacharya
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first stage of life; youthful time of studies and celibacy
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Gruhasta
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second stage of life; householder stage for raising a family
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vanaprastha
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third stage of life; forest wandering literally, reflection outside of the demands of everyday life
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sannyasin
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last stage of life; for meditating and preparing for death and moksha
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guru
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teacher
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shishya
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student
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Law of Manu
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codification of the norms for each caste; attempted to institutionalize priests and elaborate core Hindu beliefs; spelled out appropriate relationships between castes, men, and women
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Ramayana
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central story revolves around a civil between two branches of the same family, the Bharatas
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Mahabarata
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presents moral conflicts, the dilemma of taking sides, and the necessity of acting decisively
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Bhagavad-Gita
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song of god; philosophical discourse on the duties and the meaning of life and death
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Kurukshetra
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has to decide if he will fight and kill his cousins or not fight and die
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Lord Krishna
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chariot driver that gives Kurukshetra advice; blue- black skin
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Bhakti
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mystical devotion to god
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Sita in Ramayana
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surpasses her husband, Rama's, powers and defends his honor when he fails to defend hers
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Draupadi
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the wife of 5 noble brothers whom she protects, defends, and inspires in their struggles
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Shakti
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female force
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Puranas
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collection of ancient stories the gods appear in; in these goddesses are often the consorts of gods
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Ellora
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caves here in western India were fashioned into great temples
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Kanchi and Mahabalipuram
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bas reliefs and artwork in temples here dazzle viewers even to today
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sexual passion and the union of male and female
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represents passion for and union with god; entered into forms of worship
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wealthy landowners and rulers
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sought validation of their power and rule through the prestige of brahmin priests and often patronized temples
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interplay between the great national tradition and the little local tradition
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when new conquered areas would be persuaded into practicing Hinduism by having their local gods continue to be worshipped and the addition of the already existing Hindu gods
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trade routes
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Hinduism spread throughout Southeast Asia through these
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Funan
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had accepted many elements of indian culture, religion, and political practice
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