AP World History Chapter 7 terms – Flashcards
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Sultan
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the sovereign of an Islamic community
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Seljuk Turks
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Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century
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Crusades
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Series of military adventures initially launched by Western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and capturing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy
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Ulama
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Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking
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Sufis
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Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia and other regions
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Mongols
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Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian Kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph
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Mameluks
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Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance
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Rajas
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one of the the three gunas (qualities of nature) in Hindu philosophy
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Sati
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Ritual in india of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands
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Bhakti
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a popular religious movement centered around the personal worship of gods
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al-Mahdi
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Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession
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Harun al-Rashid
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Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession
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Buyids
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Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid empire under title of Sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads
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Saladin
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Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam
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Ibn Khaldun
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A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors has a cycle of three generations; strong, weak, dissolute
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Rubiyat
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composed of four lines; Persian poetry; famous
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Shah-Nama
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Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests
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Sa'di
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one of the major Persian poets in the medieval period; known for depth of social thought as well as quality of writing
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al-Razi
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alchemist, physician, chemist, scholar, and philosopher. known for experimental medicine, pediatrics, neurosurgery and opthalmology
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al-Biruni
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first Muslim scholar to study india and Brahman tradition; anthropologist and scientific method
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al-Ghazali
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pioneer of methods of doubt and skepticism; changed course of early Muslim philosophy to one based on cause and effect by God and intermediate angels, known today as occasionalism
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Muhammad ibn Qasim
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Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire
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arabic numerals
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characters 0-9 read as a number
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Harsha
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Indian emperor who ruled over Northern India for 40 years; established first diplomatic relations between China and India; BUDDHIST
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Mahmud of Ghazni
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Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation of intolerance and aggressionN
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Mahmud of Ghur
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Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control
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Qutb-ud-din Aibak
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Lieutenant of Mahmud of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of india
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Mir Bai
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Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women
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Kabir
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Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam
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Shrivijaya
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Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion
