AP World History Chapter 2 Review – Flashcards
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What was the first dynasty of China?
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Shang dynasty
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Why was China able to escape frequent invasion and have a distinctive Chinese identity?
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region was isolated
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Did the Chinese experience chaos with the decline of the Shang Dynasty?
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no
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Which River Valley Civilizations were invaded?
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Middle East and India
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Explain Chinese yin/yang
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every feature is balanced by an opposite
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What is Dao?
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a way to relate to the yin/yang harmony, avoiding excess and appreciating the balance of opposites
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What is continuity?
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an unbroken pattern
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What stayed the same for China ?
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earlier cultural traditions
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Why do you think China has maintained clear links to its classical past?
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China is proud of its country's past and its achievements
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Define dynasty
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a family of kings
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Explain the course of a dynasty
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strong start, developed strong political institutions and active economy, grew weaker, tax revenues decline, new dynasty gains power
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What usually brought a dynasty's decline?
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internal rebellions and outside invasions
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Westerns conceive of the past as progress from past to present. How do Chinese conceive of history?
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in terms of cycles as dynasty after dynasty took over
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Name 3 dynasties during the Classical Time period
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Zhou, Qin, Han
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Which Dynasty had thhe biggest territory?
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Han dynasty
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When & Who built the Great Wall of China?
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Shi Huangdi 220-206 BCE
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Duration of Zhou Dynasty?
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1029-258 BCE
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Name 2 reasons for the decline of Zhou
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decline in political infrastructure and frequent invasions
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Explain the problems the Zhou dynasty ran into because they did not establish a powerful government
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ruled through alliances with loyal generals so they lacked direct control of territories
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Who did the Zhou displace?
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Shang dynasty
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What did the Zhou rulers give to the people for loyalty?
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land
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What did the supporters provide for the Zhou rulers in exchange for land?
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troops and tax revenues
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The decline of the Zhou dynasty occurred when aristocrats?
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solidifed their own power base and ignored central government
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How did the Zhou contribute in territory?
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took over Yangtze River Valley providing rich farming lands plus two agricultures encouraging population growth
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How did the Zhou contribute to the role of central government?
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claimed direct links to Shang rulers, introduced Mandate of Heaven
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How did the Zhou contribute with the Mandate of Heaven?
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remained key justification for imperial rule (heaven had transferred its mandate to rule China to Zhou emperors)
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How did the Zhou contribute in human sacrifice?
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banned sacrifice and urged more restrained ceremonies to worship gods
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How did the Zhou contribute in language?
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used standard spoken language to promote linguistic unity (Mandarin)
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When the Zhou empire began to fail what did the philosophical scholars use to lessen the confusion?
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philosophical ideas
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When did Confucius create his thoughts on political ethics?
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during late 6th and early 5th centuries BCE
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What was the period between 402 BCE to 201 BCE called?
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Era of the Warring States
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Who was fighting during the Era of the Warring States?
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regional rulers
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What were they fighting over during the Era of the Warring States?
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who should be the next leader of China
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What dynasty took over after the Era of the Warring States?
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Qin dynasty
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Whose was the emperor in the Qin dynasty? (what did he call himself?)
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Qin Shi Huangdi (means First Emperor)
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How did China get its name?
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came from the name Qin
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What did Shi Huangdi order the powerful regional aristocrats to do?
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to leave their regions and appear at court, assuming control of their feudal lands
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Who did Shi Huangdi appoint to each region and why?
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officials from nonaristocratic groups so they would owe their power to him and not develop their own independent bases
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What did Shi Huangdi build to guard against barbarian invasion?
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Great Wall of China
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How many miles long is the Great Wall?
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over 3000 miles
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The Great Wall was wide enough for?
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chariots to move along its crest
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What type of labor was used to build the Great Wall?
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forced labor
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How did the Qin Dynasty benefit from the national cencus?
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provided data for calculation of tax revenues and labor service
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During the Qin Dynasty, the government standardized what?
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coinage, weights, and measures
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How did the Qin Dynasty alter the axles of carts?
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axle length was regulated to promote clear road planning
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How did the Qin Dynasty improve Chinese script?
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made uniform, completing process of creating single basic language
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How was agriculture improved during the Qin Dynasty?
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new irrigation projects and promotion of manufacturing especially of silk cloth
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Why were books burned during the Qin Dynasty?
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thinking was likely to be rebellious to his autocratic rule according to Shi Huangdi
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Why was Shi Huangdi unpopular?
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attacked scholars and made high taxes to support building of Great Wall and military expansion
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What happened when Shi Huangdi died?
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aggrieved peasants organized massive revolts
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What dynasty took over after Qin dynasty collapsed?
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Han dynasty
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When did the Han dynasty take over?
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202 BCE
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How long did the Han dynasty last?
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over 400 years up to 220 CE
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What did the Han dynasty keep from the Qin dynasty?
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centralized administration
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What did the Han reduce from the Qin dynasty?
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brutal repression
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Into what territories did the early Han rulers expand to?
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Korea, Indochina, central Asia
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Who did the Han come into contact with?
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India, Parthian Empire in Middle East, trade with Roman Empire in Mediterranean
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What was the result of the emperor Wu Ti enforcing peace in Asia?
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bureaucracy improved, food surpluses, emphasized Confucian values
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Describe life during Han dynasty
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everyone was prosperous
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Wu Ti reversed many of Qin's policies and urged the support for?
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Confucianism
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What were the 2 reasons for Han rule to decline?
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central control weakened and invasions from central Asia (Huns)
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Dates when China was in a state of chaos during the decline of Han?
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220-589 CE
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What would survive the Han collapse?
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political structures and cultural values
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The Qin stressed?
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central authority
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The Han expanded the powers of the?
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bureaucracy
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Define bureaucracy
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government by many bureaus, administrators, and officials
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Under the Zhou rule, tightly knit patriarchal families controlled villages. How and why did the Qin and Han dynasties change this practice?
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emphasized strong local rule and did it to streamline and expand bureaucratic systems and procedures
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Who did the Qin and Han put in power on local levels?
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great landlords
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By the end of the Han period how many bureaucrats were there?
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about 130,000 bureaucrats
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What did Wu Ti establish for bureaucrats?
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civil service exams
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How did the new civil service exams puts checks on the upper-class rule?
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individuals from lower ranks could be recruited
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How long has the Han Chinese Bureaucracy lasted?
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from the Han period until the 20th century
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In what ways did the government sponsor intellectual life during the Han dynasty?
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organized research in astronom and maintained historical records
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During the Han dynasty, the government became a keeper of?
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Chinese beliefs
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During the Han dynasty, how did the government support the economy?
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organized production of iron and salt; standardized currency, weights, and measures; sponsored public works including complex irrigation and canal systems; tried to regulate agricultural supplies
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Did these Han rulers direct the daily lives of people?
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No, techonology did not allow this
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Describe the legal system.
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strict code of law (employed torture and execution), taxes, every male peasant required annual labor
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The Huns might have toppled a dynasty but they?
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could not create a better system to run China so the system and its bureaucrats normally endured
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What period did the Chinese way of viewing the world develop?
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classical period
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The Chinese would tolerate different beliefs as long as?
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they did not contradict basic political loyalties
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Explain harmonious earthly life
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proper balance between earth and heaven
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What was the purpose of using chopsticks? When did this occur?
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The use of chopsticks began at end of Zhou to encourage a code of politeness
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What role did tea play?
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It encouraged a code of politeness at meals like chopsticks
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Confucius or ___________ lived when?
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Kung Fuzi 551-478 BCE
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Confucius was not a ___________ leader
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religious
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What did Confucius believe in?
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a divine order but he refused to speculate
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Confucius maintained?
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if personal virtue emphasized, would have a solid political life
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Explain Confucius's proper hierarchy belief
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respect one's social superiours including and fathrs and husbands as leaders of the family (patriarchy)
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According to Confucius, how were society's leaders supposed to behave?
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modestly and without excess, shunning abusive power and treating nicely people who were in charge
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What kind of system was Confucianism?
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a system of ethics - do unto others as your status and theirs dictate
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Name a book that recorded Confucian doctrine
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the Analects
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Confucius set out to rectify political disorder by what type of behavior?
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individual virtuous behavior, both by ruler and the ruled
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Confucius largely recommended ____________ and __________; people should know ______________, even under ____________
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obedience, respect, their place, bad rulers
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Confucius urged a political system that would not be based on ________ but _________________
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rank, intelligence
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According to Confucius, how should rulers behave?
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be humble, always courteous and eager for service, and anxious to learn
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How did legalists feel about Confucians virtues?
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disdained them
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What did legalists favor?
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authoritarian state that ruled by force
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Did the legalists ever capture widespread approval?
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no
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What was a down fall of Confucianism?
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did not seek popular loyalty
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The Confucian creed was most easily accepted by what class?
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upper class
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Why did peasants need more than Confucianism?
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to understand and survive their harsh life
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Many peasants strove to attract?
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the blessing of conciliatory spirits
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What eventually happened to these rites?
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Gradually, ongoing rites among normal masses mixed Confucian vaues urged by upper classes
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When did Daoism begin?
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roughly same time as Confucianism (last centuries of Zhou)
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Daoism embraced__________ and added ________________.
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nature's harmony, a sense of nature's mystery
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Who furthered Daoism?
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Laozi
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When did Laozi live?
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during 5th century BCE
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What does Dao mean?
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the way of nature
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Daoist believed that political activity and learning were?
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irrelevant to a good life
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Why did Daoism become popular?
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it guaranteed that China's people would not be united by a single religious or philosophical system
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What was the Five Classics?
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a set of classic literature that provide an important tradition
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When were the Five Classics written?
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during early Zhou and edited during time of Confucius
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What were the Five Classics used for?
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a basis for civil service examinations
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What were the Classic of Songs?
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a collection of Chinese poems
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How many poems were in the Classic of Songs?
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over 300 poems
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The Chinese literary tradition developed on the basis of?
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mastering the Classic of Songs plus Confucian writing
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What topics were written about in the Classic of Songs?
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love, joy, politics, family life
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Explain the artistic style of China at this time
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largely decorative, stressing careful detail and craftsmanship; styles reflected precision and geometric qualities of Chinese symbols
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Calligraphy became?
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an important art form
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Monumental building during this era?
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No, aside from the Great Wall, palaces, and tombs, because of the absence of a single religion
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Calendar developed when?
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by 444 BCE
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The calendar was based on how many days?
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365.5 days
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Astronomers?
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calculated movement of Saturn and Jupiter, observed sunspots; purpose was to make celestial phenomena predictable
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Earthquakes?
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invented kind of seismograph to register earthquakes
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Medical research?
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developed precise anatomical knowledge and studied principles of hygiene that could promote longer life
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Mathematics?
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studied math of music leading to advances in acoustics (they focused on how things worked)
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List the 3 main social groups of Classical China:
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landowning aristocracy and educated bureaucrats; laboring masses, peasants, urban artisans; mean people
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Who were the mean people?
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group beneath peasantry who performed unskilled jobs
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Did the Chinese have slaves?
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weren't dependent on slaves for actual production; did have few household slaves
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What kind of goods were traded at this time?
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luxury items for the upper class produced by skilled artisans
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List a few items traded
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silks, jewelry, leather goods, furniture
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What was China's main crops?
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wheat and rice
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How was the merchant class viewed
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Confucian emphasis on learning and political serviced led to scorn for lives devoted to moneymaking
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List 6 inventions that improved the economy/agriculture
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ox-drawn plows, new collar for draft animals, pulleys and winding gear, iron tools and lamps, first water-powered mills, paper
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What was the result of better agriculture practices?
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helped increase the size of the population on the countryside
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How did families solidify the economy?
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Tight family organization helped solidify economic views
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How were parents viewed?
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Confucius said, "There are no wrongdoing parents"
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What would happen if a parent injured or killed a disobedient child?
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law courts did not prosecute them
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Chinese popular culture stressed?
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strict control of one's emotions
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How were women expected to act?
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They were subordinate to their husbands but still had clearly defined roles in the family
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Explain the hierarchical order for children
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Boys superior to girls and oldest son has highest position over everybody else
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Which child would inherit property and position?
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oldest son
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Classical Chinese _________, ________, ___________ and political structure _________________________ contact.
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technology, religion, philosophy, evolved with very little outside
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How did most Chinese see the world?
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in terms of a large island of civilization surrounded by barbarian people with nothing to offer except the periodic threat of invasion
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Chinese and neither the need nor the desire to?
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learn from either societies
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Did the Chinese have a desire to teach the rest of the world?
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No, the Chinese didn't have a missionary spirit
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What altered China's religious map?
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the spread of Buddhism from India, during and after Han decline
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What did Confucianism provide?
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a vital supplement, making bureaucracy a trained corps with some common ideals
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What did political stability aide?
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economic growth
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A strong economy provided?
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vital tax revenues
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How did the Chinese view government and society?
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as a whole
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How did the different belief systems get along?
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Confucianists and Daoists tolerated each other, but there was considerable hostility and mutual disdain
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Explain how the penal system worked
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strict policing including stern punishments and torture which combined with Confucianism to make accused individuals confess
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Why did the Chinese culture have immunity from outside forces?
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Chinese society was an overall whole making it immune to outside influence
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In the Classical Age, China had the world's largest and best run?
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yes
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How and who disseminated the Chinese inventions over the globe?
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Chinese merchants and Central Asian nomads spread them over much of Eurasia and North Africa through trade
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What societies were transformed by the Chinese?
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societies in Japan, Rome, Middle East, and England
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Why is the road to the west called the Silk Road?
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Silk and other luxury items were traded along the route
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How did the Chinese government encourage trade?
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Han- encouraged trade with western regions; Chinese emissary- traveled to Western India to trade
