AP World History Chapter 10 Terms – Flashcards
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Middle Ages
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the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance
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Three-Field System
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a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted.
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Feudalism
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a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
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Hundred Years' War
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Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.
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Thomas Aquinas
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(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology
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Black Death
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the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe
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Gothic
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a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries
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Clovis
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king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy
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Vassals
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lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity
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Pope Urban II
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Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades
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Scholasticism
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A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.
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Vikings
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one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century.
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Carolingians
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the family that ruled the Franks in Gaul from 751 to 987 in the Carolingian Dynasty. This began when Pepin was declared king. They lost power after the Treaty of Verdun.
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Capetians
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French dynasty ruling from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy.
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St. Claire of Assisi
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a noblewoman who founded an order based on St. Francis' teachings
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Troubadours
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travleing performers singing about chivalriss deeds performed by knights for ladies
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Manorialism
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An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.
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Charles Martel
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the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him.
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William the Conqueror
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duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England
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Gregory VII
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the pope who fought to establish the supremacy of the pope over the Church and the supremacy of the Church over the state (1020-1085)
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Hanseatic League
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a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas
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Serfs
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a person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times
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Charlemagne
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King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. (250)
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Magna Carta
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This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights
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Peter Abelard
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Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.
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Jacques Coeur
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One of Europe's most extrordinary merchants; demonstrated the opportunities and risks of new forms of trade.
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Moldboard
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Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system.
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Holy Roman Emperor
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honerary title given by the Pope given to the Christian King by the Pope that gives that individual the authority to tell other kings wat to do in time of war
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Parliaments
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bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.
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St. Bernard of Clairvaux
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Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities.
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Guilds
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business associations that dominated medieval towns; they passed laws, levied taxes, built protective walls for the city, etc. Each guild represented workers in one occupation such as weavers, bakers, brewers, sword makers, etc.
