Ap World History Ch. 6 Terms – Flashcards

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Bedouin
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Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.
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Shaykhs (sheiks)
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Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children
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Muhammad
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Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashin clan of Quryash tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and there after; died in 632
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Khadijah
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First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader.
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Qur'an
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Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.
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Ali
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Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a.
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Umma
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Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity
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Zakat
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Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims
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Five Pillars
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The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj
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Ramadan
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Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset
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Haji
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A Muslim's pyramid to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba
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Caliph
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successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims
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Abu Bakr
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Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death.
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Ridda Wars
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Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam
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Jihads
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Struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith; holy wars launched to forcibly spread the Islam faith
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Nestorians
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A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions
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Uthman
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Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan
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Battle of Siffin
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Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party
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Mu'awiya
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Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali
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Sunnis
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Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads.
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Shi'a
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Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali
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Karbala
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Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate
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Damascus
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the chosen city by the umayyad Caliphs in Syria to be their capital. they ruled from ad 661 to ad 750
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Mawali
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Non-Arab converts to Islam
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Jizya
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Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories
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Dhimmi
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Literally "People of the Book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus
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Hadiths
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Traditions of the prophet Muhammad
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Abbasid
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Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.
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Battle of the River Zab
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Victory of Abbasidsover Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital
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Baghdad
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Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon
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Wazir
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Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire.
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Dhows
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Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design
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Ayan
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The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule.
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