AP World History Ch. 19 – Flashcards
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Bantu
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A family of languages in Africa. It was also the migration of subsistence farmers in West Africa to the south and east in search of fertile land. Drought and overpopulation led to problems with farming in West Africa.
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Trans-Saharan Trade
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The trade route that streches across the Sahara desert
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Zanj
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the arabian term for the east african coast
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Tiv
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West African group who created their language, which is spoken by over 2 million people today
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Ife
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Ancient Yoruba City in South-Western Nigeria
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Age Groups
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Same age, same job
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Kinship Groups
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groups of people related by blood or marriage
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Griots
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Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire
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Animism
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Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have human characteristics
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Sundiata
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"the Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita Clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire
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Mansa Musa
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Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East and gave away so much gold that the price of gold decreased 25%
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Great Zimbabwe
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A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.
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Songhay
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Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali
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Sahara Desert
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the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa, created major trade routes from Western Africa to East
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Sub-Saharan Africa
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Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara.
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Swahili City-States
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Waring states that were always competing for control of trade routes and each other. established by Swahili., Many of these city-states were Muslim and very cosmopolitan.
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Zimbabwe
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The most powerful kingdom in central Africa, whose name means "the dwelling of the chief"
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Axum
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A kingdom in Africa close to the Golden Horn that was tribute based in its centralization of authority. It creates a lasting Christian presence in Africa.
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stateless societies
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term realating to societies such as those of sub saharan africa after the Bantu migrations that featured decentralized rule through family and kinship groups instead of strongly centralized rule.
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Sundiata
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founder of the Mali empire (r 1230-1255) also the inspiration of Sundiata, the african literary and mythological work. he won gold control.
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Swahili
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east African city state that dominated the coast and was active in trade
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Swahili city states
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port cities in convienient locations in east Africa (malindi, mosambique, Zanzibar, Lamu etc) they were goverened by a king who supervised trade and organized public life
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kingdom of Kongo
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central African state that began trading with Portugese
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Ghana
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Kingdom in West Africa during the 5th - 13th centuries whose rulers eventually converted to Islam. power and wealth of this kingdom were based on dominating trans-saharan trade
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qadi
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islamic judges
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zimbabwe
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"dwelling of a chief" complex stone structures
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the great zimbabwe
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maginificent stone complex near modern day zimbabwe
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faqih
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legal scholar
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zanj
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black slaves from swahili coast; they labored under awful conditions
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the zanj revolt
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led by Ali bin Muhammad in 869, thousands of zanj slaves revolted and captured Basra, the most important city in mesopotamia. demonstrated that african slavery was so porminent in Muslim society
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animism
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religious belief that natural things (trees, rivers, rocks) and animals have spirtual essence
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diviners
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intelligent people who had innate abilities to meditate between human and supernatural worlds and ask gods for help with questions or problems
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axum
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a city and kingdom in northern ethiopia that was a major naval trading power
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kebra negast
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"the glory of the kings" an acount written about the line of rulers descending from king soloman and david
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griots
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oracle stroytellers
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Native religions of sub-Saharan Africa
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-pagans w/ diviners (Kongo, smaller societies) -Islam (from north Africa- Ghana, Zimbabwe)
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Gender relations in sub-Saharan Africa
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-high honor b/c they were sources of life -could have limited jobs (making pottery, trading, planting and harvesting crops) - domestic work
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How did Islam help facilitate trade in Africa?
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- improved relations and cooperation with Muslims in northern Africa
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Mansa Musa- influence on Mali?
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-grand nephew of Sundiata (founder of Mali) -ruler of Mali during high point -wealthiest king in the world (gold) -promoted Islam - created strong centralized govt that outlived the Mali Empire
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Bantu political structure
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stateless society
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Stateless society
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-Bantu political structure -NO hierarchy/ govt officials -male heads of families formed councils and kinship groups
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How did Mali become wealthy?
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-taxes on trade
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What helped establish sub-Saharan trade routes?
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-camels -Islam
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What were the Swahili city states? What were they heavily involved in?
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- east African coast - Mogadishu, Lamu, Malindi, Momvasa, Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mozambique, Sofala - TRADE!!
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The remarkable oral tradition of sub-Saharan Africa was preserved primarily by
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professional singers and griots
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The story of Sundiata was about
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the heroic deeds of the lion prince in establishing the Mali empire
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Trade and communications networks were slower to penetrate sub-Saharan Africa compared to other regions because
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there was formidable geographic barriers to overcome (Sahara desert)
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The earliest Bantu migrants were
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agriculturalists
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The kingdom of Kongo maintained a royal currency system based on
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cowries from the Indian Ocean
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The arrival of camels in Africa
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quickened the pace of communication across the Sahara
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Koumbi-Saleh was to the kingdom of Ghana as
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Niani was to the Mali Empire
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Swahili refers to the peoples of
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the east African coast.
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Great Zimbabwe was
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a capital city built of stone
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After the eleventh century, the slave trade became increasingly important in Africa because
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demand for slaves in foreign markets outstripped the supply
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Unlike many other religions, African religion did not concern itself with matters of
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theology
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Ibn Battuta
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definition: Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan significance: documented his travels, providing insight
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Ali ibn Muhammad
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definition: rebel slave that organized 15,000 Zanj slaves in 869 to revolt from Abbasid; Zanj Revolt was crushed in 883 significance: showed that slaves are important
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Banana
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definition: elongated crescent-shaped yellow fruit with soft sweet flesh significance: promoted population growth
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stateless society
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definition: a society that is based on the authority of kinship groups rather than on a central government significance: brought rudimentary order
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Chiefdom
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definition: Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links significance: helped ward off invaders
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Camels
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definition: Pack animals that made cross-Sahara caravans possible significance: allowed trading through the Sahara
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Gao
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definition: Prosperous capital city of the kingdom of Songhai, had caravan trade routes. significance: helped bring taxes
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Kingdom of Ghana
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definition: first of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa significance: Facilitated trade
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Koumbi Saleh
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definition: Capital of Ghana which had 15,000 people with buildings of stone and more than a dozen mosques. Supported by a large number of qadi and Muslim scholars significance: promoted trade
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Mali empire
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definition: Formed in 1240 when Sundiata took control of Ghana Empire. It controlled trade across Sahara, the South and the Niger River. significance: promoted trade
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Swahili
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definition: the most widely spoken Bantu languages significance: demonstrated eastern trading
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Age grades
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definition: African social distinctions determined by when you were born. People belonging to a certain group had certain expectations. The groups established ties transcending family or clan loyalties. significance: helped to delegate taxes
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Zanj revolt
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definition: led by Ali ibn-Muhamad; 15,000 slaves revolt for 14 years until it it ceased by Abbasids in 883 significance: demonstrated the influence of slaves
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Diviners
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definition: individuals who by virtue of their innate abilities or extensive training had the power to mediate between humanity and supernatural beings significance: Basis of African religion
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Solomonic dynasty
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definition: A string of Ethiopian rulers who claimed descent from David in an attempt to add biblical authority to their rule. significance: helped to add authority to their rule
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Age Grades
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Bantu concept in which individuals of roughly the same age carried out communal tasks appropriate for that age.
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Christianity
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Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind.
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Griot
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An African musician-storyteller essential to oral storytelling tradition of sub-Saharan Africa.
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Islam
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Monotheistic religion of the prophet Muhammad (570-632); influenced by Judaism and Christianity, Muhammad was considered the final prophet because the earlier religions had not seen the entire picture; the Qu'ran is the holy book of Islam.
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Kilwa
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City-state on the east coast of Africa that exported gold across the Indian Ocean.
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Kingdom of Kongo
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Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century.
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Kongo
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Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; although their kings, such as King Affonso I (r. 1506-1543), converted to Christianity, they nevertheless suffered from the slave trade.
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Koumbi-Saleh
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Important trading city along the trans-Saharan trade route from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries.
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Mali
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African kingdom founded in the thirteenth century by Sundiata; it reached its peak during the reign of Mansa Musa.
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Mecca
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City conquered by Muhammed in 630. He destroyed pagan shrines and erected mosques.
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Muslim
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A follower of Islam.
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Niani
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The prosperous capital of the Malian Empire that was linked to north Africa by a system of caravan routes.
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Solomonic Dynasty
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Group in Ethiopia (1300s) claiming descent from Israelite kings.
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Stateless Societies
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Term relating to societies such as those of sub-Saharan Africa after the Bantu migrations that featured decentralized rule through family and kinship groups instead of strongly centralized hierarchies.
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Swahili
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African city-state society that dominated the coast from Mogadishu to Kilwa and was active in trade.
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Zimbabwe
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Former colony of Southern Rhodesia that gained independence in 1980.
