AP World Chapter 27 Vocab – Flashcards
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Zaibatsu
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large family-controlled banking and industrial groups that owned many companies in Japan before World War II
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Zemstvoes
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local political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave the middle class professional experience in government but did not influence national policy
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Crimean War
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Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.
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Trans-Siberian Railroad
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railroad that runs from Moscow to Vladivosto on the East coast and is the longest single rail line in the world
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Anarchists
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people who oppose organized government
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Russian Revolution of 1905
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A historical term describing a wave of political terrorism, strikes, peasant unrests, mutinies, both anti-government and undirected, that swept through vast areas of the Russian Empire
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Duma
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Russian national legislature
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Kulaks
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Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour
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Matthew Perry
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Commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa
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Russo-Japanese War
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A conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea
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Holy Alliance
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A league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna
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Emancipation of the Serfs
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Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land
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Count Sergei Witte
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Russian minister of finance from 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged western investors to build factories in russia
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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
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Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR
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Dutch Studies
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Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan
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Stolypin Reforms
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Reforms introduced by the Russian minister Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry
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Terakoya
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Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by the middle of the 19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside of the West
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Meiji Restoration
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The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism
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Sino-Japanese War
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(1894-95) War fought between China and Japan. After Korea was opened to Japanese trade in 1876, it rapidly became an arena for rivalry between the expanding Japanese state and neighbouring China
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Decembrist Uprising
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Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I
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Intelligentsia
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intellectuals; members of the educated elite
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Bolsheviks
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Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI
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Diet
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Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it
