AP US History Vocab – Flashcards
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Separatist vs. non-separatist puritans
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Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (pilgrims) argued from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and established the settlement at Plymouth
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Northwest Passage
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believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic to Pacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in the race to Asian wealth
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Conversion Experience
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Required of members of the Puritan Church, took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church
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Social Reciprocity
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society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminantly
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Church of England
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Protestant church led by the king of England, independent of the Catholic Church, tended toward Catholicism during reign of Catholic royalty
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Atlantic slave trade
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often debtors sold to slave traders by African kings seeking riches, Columbian Exchange
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Jamestown
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first permanent English settlement in the Americas
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Indentured servants
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settlers pay the expenses of a servant's voyage and be granted land for each person they brought over; headright system
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Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649)
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mandated toleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even though Maryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant)
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James I, Charles I
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reluctant to give colonists their own government, preferred to appoint royal governors
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William Penn and the Quakers
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settled in Pennsylvania, believed the "Inner Light" could speak though an person and ran religious services without ministers
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Roger Williams
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Challenged New Englanders to completely separate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church
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Anne Hutchinson
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Challenged New England Calvinist ministers' authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism
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The Half-Way Covenant
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New Englanders who did not wish to relate their conversion experiences could become half-way saints so that their children would be able to have the opportunity to be saints
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Bacon's Rebellion
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rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans
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John Smith
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introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony, sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes; had fought Spanish and Turks
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Pocahontas
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key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617
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Mayflower Compact
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foundation for self-government laid out by the first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land
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John Winthrop
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Calvanist, devised concept of "city on a hill" ("A Model of Christian Charity"); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay
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"City on a Hill"
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exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvanistic beliefs
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Bacon's Rebellion
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Rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans
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Navigation Acts
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only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports; dissent began in 1763
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Mercanilism
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ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; too restrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists
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Charles II, James II
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tried to rule as absolute monarchs without using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures
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William and Mary
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ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies
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Dominion of New England
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combined Mass, NH, Conn, RI, and Plymouth (and later NJ and NY) into one colony governed by Sir Edmond Andros
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The Glorious Revolution
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William and Mary kicked James II out of England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures
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James Oglethorpe
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established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors
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The Enlightenment
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emphasis on human reason, logic, and science (acquired, no nascent knowledge); increased followers of Christianity
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Benjamin Franklin
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connected the colonies to Britain, opposed to unnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan
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The Great Awakening
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began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities
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Deists
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(Great Awakening) believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine
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George Whitefield
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powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity
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Jonathan Edwards
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Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed immediate repentance
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New Lights vs Old Lights
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New Lights brought new ideas, rejected by Old Lights, both sought out institutions independent of each other
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Albany Plan of Union
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colonies proposed colonial confederation under lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, "Grand Council"); never took effect
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French and Indian War
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French threat at the borders was no longer present, therefore the colonies did't need English protection more independent stand against Britain
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Proclamation of 1763
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prohibited settlements west of Appalachians, restriction on colonial growth
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Salutary Neglect
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Parliament took minor actions in the colonies. allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements
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Writs of Assistance
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search warrants on shipping to reduce smuggling; challenged by James Otis
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Townshend Act (1767)
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similar to Navigation Act; raised money to pay colonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries
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Sugar Act
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increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attempted to harder enforce existing tariffs
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Stamp Act
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taxes on all legal documents to support British troops, not approved by colonists through their representatives
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Stamp Act congress
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held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed
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Virginia Resolves
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"no taxation without representation" introduced by Patrick Henry
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Currency Act
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prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy
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Virtual Representation
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all English subjects are represented in Parliament, including those not allowed to vote
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The Loyal Nine
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group of Bostonians in opposition to the Stamp Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city
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Sons of Liberty
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organized and controlled resistance against Parliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom), advocated non-importation
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Declaratory Act
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allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists' say
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Boston Massacre
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British soldiers shot into crowd of snowball fighters, two of nine soldiers found guilty of manslaughter
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Committees of Correspondence
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committees appointed from different colonies to communicate on matters; asserted right to self-government. cooperation between colonies
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Tea Act (1773)
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intended to save British East India Company from bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather through wholesalers (lower prices to compete with smuggled tea)
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Boston Tea Party
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peaceful destruction of British tea in Boston Harbor by colonists disguised as Indians
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Quebec Acts
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former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in the Church of England
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Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
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In reaction to the Boston Tea Party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of Massachusetts charter, murder in the name of royal authority would be tried in England or another colony
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Suffolk Resolves
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organize militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to pay taxes to Britain
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Olive Branch Petition
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politely demanded from the king a ceasefire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, guarantee of American rights
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Thomas Paine and Common Sense
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stressed to the American people British maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution; appealed to American emotions
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George Washington
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American commander-in -chief; first president, put down Whiskey Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidential cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchical style rule
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Whigs (patriots)
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most numerous in New England, fought for independence
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Tories (loyalists)
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fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy)
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Battle of Yorktown
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last major battle of Rev War, surrender of Cornwallis, led King George III to officially make peace with the colonies
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British strengths and weaknesses
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British citizenship outnumbered colonies', large navy and professional army, exhausted resources (hessians hired), national debt
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Colonial strengths and weaknesses
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fair amount of troops, short guerrilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington), nonprofessional army that could not handle long battles
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Battle of Saratoga
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American general Horatio Gates was victorious over British general Burgoyne
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Valley Forge
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scarce supplies (food and clothing), army motivated by von Steuben
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Treaty of Paris(1783)
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full American independence, territory west of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland
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Articles of Confederation
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states joined for foreign affairs, Congress reined supreme (lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments, too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes
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Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom (1786)
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foundation for First Amendment, offered free choice of religion, not influenced by state
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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defined process for territories to become states (pop=60,000), forbade slavery in new territories
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Alexander Hamilton
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pushed for federal assumption of state debts, pushed for National Bank, loose constructionist, Federalist leader
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James Madison
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strong central government, separation of powers, "extended republic"
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Shay's Rebellion
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mistreated farmers, fear of mobocracy, forced people to think about central government
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Connecticut Compromise
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advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senators per state and representation in the House based on population
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VA plan
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bicameral congressional representation based on population
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New Jersey Plan
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equal representation in unicameral congress
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Commerce Compromise
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congress could tax imports but not exports
