AP Statistics Vocabulary List – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
When your discovered p-value is less than your alpha (.05 if not given). States that chance alone would rarely produce an equally extreme result.
answer
Statistical Significance
question
A bias caused by a number of people who did not respond to the survey.
answer
Non-Response Bias
question
The probability of getting a result at least as extreme as the result given from the test. The lower the value the stronger the evidence.
answer
p-Value
question
States that, in a normal distribution, about 68% of the terms are within one standard deviation of the mean, about 95% are within two standard deviations, and about 99.7% are within three standard deviations (normal curve).
answer
Empirical rule
question
A variable other than x and y that simultaneously affects both variables, accounting for the correlation between the two.
answer
Lurking Variable
question
The hypothesis that states there is no difference between two or more sets of data in a significance test.
answer
Null Hypothesis
question
A sample deliberately constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given population.
answer
Quota Sample
question
The likelihood that a particular event will occur.
answer
Probability
question
Statistical procedures used to describe characteristics and responses of groups of subjects.
answer
Descriptive Statistics
question
The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.
answer
Median
question
A graphical representation of a quantitative data set. Leading values of each data point are presented as stems and second digits are given as leaves.
answer
Stemplot
question
Information gathered from observations.
answer
Data
question
The range of percentage points in which the sample accurately reflects the population, the range surrounding a sample's response within which researchers are confident the larger population's true response would fall.
answer
Margin of Error
question
A sample which follows the Empirical Rule for distribution.
answer
Normal
question
Every member of the population has a known and equal chance of selection.
answer
Simple Random Sample
question
The distribution of values taken by the statistic in all possible samples of the same size from the same population.
answer
Sampling Distribution
question
Using the Least Squares Regression Line to predict a y-value for an x-value within the x-data set.
answer
Interpolation
question
Data identified by something other than numbers.
answer
Qualitative
question
The ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the number of possible outcomes if all outcomes have the same chance of happening.
answer
Theoretical Probability
question
The random assignment of subjects to treatments is carried out separately within each block.
answer
Block Design
question
The line that minimizes the sum of squared residuals.
answer
Least Squares Regression Line
question
An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a false negative.
answer
Type II Error
question
A bar graph that shows the frequency of data within equal intervals.
answer
Histogram
question
Occurs when some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample.
answer
Undercoverage
question
The number of responses for a given characteristic.
answer
Joint Frequency
question
Either two measurements are taken on each individual such as pre and post OR two individuals are matched by a third variable (different from the explanatory variable and the response variable) such as identical twins.
answer
Matched Pairs
question
The probability that a particular event will occur, given that another event has already occurred.
answer
Conditional Probability
question
The datum which occurs the most in a set of data.
answer
Mode
question
A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame.
answer
Systematic Sample
question
All possible outcomes of an experiment.
answer
Sample Space
question
An unintended difference between the conditions of an experiment that could have affected the dependent variable.
answer
Confounded Variable
question
Probability based on what happens when an experiment is actually done.
answer
Experimental Probability
question
Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.
answer
Placebo Effect
question
Row and column totals in a contingency table (cross-tabulation) that represent the univariate frequency distributions for the row and column variables.
answer
Marginal Frequency
question
A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population.
answer
Parameter
question
Bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample.
answer
Voluntary Response Bias
question
The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.
answer
Mean
question
The hypothesis which states the Null Hypothesis is incorrect in a significance test.
answer
Alternative Hyothesis
question
The measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data.
answer
Correlation
question
Anything in the survey design that influences the responses from the sample.
answer
Response Bias
question
Measures the percentage of variation in a dependent variable explained by one or more independent variables (r^2).
answer
Coefficient of Determination
question
A sample in which every element in the sample has an equal chance of being selected.
answer
Random Sample
question
An experiment in which a set number of trials is used.
answer
Binomial
question
The act of conducting a controlled test or investigation.
answer
Experiment
question
Law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics.
answer
Law of Large Numbers
question
An extreme deviation from the mean.
answer
Outlier
question
Estimating a value outside the range of measured data.
answer
Extrapolation
question
Samples in which informants provide contact information about other people who share some of the characteristics necessary for a study.
answer
Snowball Sample
question
A relationship between two sets of data or two datum which states the outcome of one has no effect on the outcome of the other.
answer
Independent
question
Range of the middle 50% of the values; Q3-Q1 = 75th percentile - 25th percentile.
answer
IQR
question
A line graph that depicts cumulative frequencies.
answer
Ogive
question
The range of values within which a population parameter is estimated to lie.
answer
Confidence Interval
question
The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.
answer
Standard Error
question
An experiment which observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses.
answer
Observational Study
question
The difference between an observed value of the response variable and the value predicted by the regression line.
answer
Residual
question
A sample that includes members of the population that are easily accessed.
answer
Convenience Sample
question
The act of repeating an experiment to get more accurate statistical evidence.
answer
Simulation
question
A parameter of the t distribution. When the t distribution is used in the computation of an interval estimate of a population mean, the appropriate t distribution has n-1 degrees of freedom, where n is the size of the simple random sample.
answer
Degrees of Freedom
question
Graphs a dot for each case against a single axis.
answer
Dotplot
question
A table containing counts for two categorical variables. It has r rows and c columns.
answer
Two-way Table
question
An experiment in which there is no set number of trials but is ended by achieving an outcome.
answer
Geometric
question
Statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions.
answer
Inferential Statistics
question
A descriptive feature in which describes the range of the data graphically.
answer
Spread
question
Variable where the number of outcomes can be counted and each outcome has a measurable and positive probability.
answer
Discrete Random Variable
question
The entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn.
answer
Population
question
Items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population.
answer
Sample
question
The sampling distribution of the mean will approach the normal distribution as n increases (n>30).
answer
Central Limit Theorem
question
A measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean (r).
answer
Standard Deviation
question
A sampling design in which entire groups are chosen at random.
answer
Cluster Sample
question
An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists; a false positive.
answer
Type I Error
question
A value found by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation.
answer
Standardized Value
question
Displays the 5-number summary as a central box with whiskers that extend to the non-outlying data values.
answer
Boxplot
question
Each event or variable is independent from one another. No event or variable will have an effect on the probability of outcome for any other event or variable.
answer
Mutually Exclusive
question
A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.
answer
Scatterplot
question
The population is divided into strata and a random sample is taken from each stratum.
answer
Stratified Sample
question
Data or datum being numerically defined.
answer
Quantitative
question
A type of response bias where the question is posed to achieve a desired result.
answer
Wording Bias
question
A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.
answer
Causation
question
A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample.
answer
Statistic
question
A descriptive feature which describes the placement and relation of the median to the other parts of the graphic representation.
answer
Center
question
A parametric inferential statistical test of the null hypothesis for a single sample where the population standard deviation is known.
answer
z-Test
question
A parametric inferential statistical test of the null hypothesis for a single sample where the population standard deviation is unknown.
answer
t-Test
question
uses sample data to test hypotheses about the shape or proportions of a population distribution. The test determines how well the obtained sample proportions fit the population proportions specified by the null hypothesis.
answer
Chi-Squared Goodness of Fit
