AP Statistics Vocabulary – Flashcards
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any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population
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biased
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when groups of experimental units are similar, they are gathered into these groups
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strata
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a sample that consists of the entire population
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census
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sampling design in which entire groups are chosen at random
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cluster
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type of experiment in which all experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment
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completely randomized
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when the levels of one factor are associated with the levels of another factor so their effects cannot be separated
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confounding
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aspects of the experiment that we know may have an effect on the response, but that are not the factors being studied
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control
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experimental units assigned to a baseline treatment level
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control group
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sampling design where individuals are chosen based on who is easily available
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convenience
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neither the subjects nor the people who have contact with them know which treatment a subject has received
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double blind
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individuals on which an experiment is done
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experimental units
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study in which subjects are randomly assigned to treatments
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experiments
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variable whose levels are controlled by the experimenter
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factor
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not similar in makeup
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heterogeneous
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similar in makeup
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homogeneous
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specific values that the experimenter chooses a factor
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level
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type of study in which subjects who are similar in ways not under study may be grouped together and then compared with each other on the variables of interest
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matched pairs
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sampling schemes that combine several sampling methods
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multistage
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type of bias that is problematic because the intended sample is incomplete
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nonresponse
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study based on data in which no treatments have been assigned to subjects
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observational study
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an individual result of a component of a simulation
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outcome
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treatment known to have no effect, administered so that all groups experience the same conditions
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placebo
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the tendency of many human subjects to show a response even when administered a fake treatment
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placebo effect
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the entire group of individuals or instances about whom we hope to learn
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population
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observational study in which subjects are followed to observe future outcomes
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prospective
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an occurrence for which we know what outcomes could happen, but not which particular values will happen
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random behavior
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process by which each individual is given a fair chance of selection
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randomization
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type of bias that is problematic because false information may be given
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response
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observational study in which subjects are selected and then their previous conditions or behaviors are determined
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retrospective
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a (representative) subset of a population, examined in hope of learning about a population
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sample
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sampling design in which each set of n elements in the population has an equal chance of selection
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simple random
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a list of individuals from whom the sample is drawn
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sampling frame
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the natural tendency of randomly drawn samples to differ, one from another
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sampling variability
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a study that asks questions of a sample drawn from some population in the hope of learning something about the entire population
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sample survey
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models random events by using random numbers to specify outcomes with relative frequencies that correspond to the true real-world relative frequencies we are trying to model
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simulation
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when either the subjects or the people who have contact with them do not know which treatment a subject has received
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single blind
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when an observed difference is too large to believe that it is likely to have occurred naturally
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statistically significant
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a subdivision of the population
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block
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sampling design in which the population is divided into several strata, and random samples are then drawn from each stratum
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stratified
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people who are studied
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subjects
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sample drawn by select an individual from a list and then each of the next N individuals from the sampling frame
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systematic
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the process or intervention applied to randomly assigned experimental units
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treatment
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the sequence of several components representing events that we are pretending will take place
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trial
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type of bias that is problematic because some groups are not represented in the sample
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undercoverage
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type of bias that is problematic because those who volunteer tend to have strong negative opinions
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voluntary response
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sampling design where individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample
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voluntary response
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a type of response bias where the question is posed to achieve a desired result
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wording bias
