AP Statistics – Chapter 1 – Flashcards
67 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 67question
+ Draw a Horizontal Line and Scale Based on the Numbers + Title the Dot Plot and Label the Axes + Place One Dot Above the Appropriate Value for each data point
answer
Dot Plot (How is One Made)?
Unlock the answer
question
+ Shape + Center + Spread + Outliers or Not
answer
What Four Attributes are Used to Interpret the Distribution of Quantitative Data
Unlock the answer
question
+ Bell + Uniform + Left - Skewed + Right - Skewed
answer
What are the Four Shapes of a Quantitative Data Graph?
Unlock the answer
question
Ummm... Bell -shaped?
answer
Shape of a Bell Graph
Unlock the answer
question
Shaped Like a Table: ____________________ I I (Except the lines touch) Remember that "Uniform" refers to all the data being the same
answer
Uniform Graph
Unlock the answer
question
The mean pulls the graph to the left
answer
Left - Skewed
Unlock the answer
question
The mean pulls the graph to the right
answer
Right - Skewed
Unlock the answer
question
The median/mean
answer
What Two Concepts are Associated in Determining the Center of a Graph?
Unlock the answer
question
How much variability from the first number to the last number Written: Lowest to Highest Intervals (Ex. 4 - 23)
answer
Spread of a Graph
Unlock the answer
question
A way of determining spread, how many numbers the data ranges: Highest Value - Lowest Value = Range (Ex. 23 - 4 = 19) IS RESISTANT TO OUTLIERS
answer
Range
Unlock the answer
question
Anything outside the norm of other points
answer
Outlier
Unlock the answer
question
Quick picture or shape of distribution while including actual values
answer
Stemplot (Steam-and-Leaf Plot)
Unlock the answer
question
1). Create a stem (all numbers in the tens place written vertically with a vertical line to the right) 2). Write a life in the appropriate row with increasing numbers of the ones place extending out 3). Include a key (and always include a title)
answer
How to Create a Stemplot
Unlock the answer
question
Take one stem and break it into two when too much data (refer to Assignment 31 - Chapter 1: Data Set #1)
answer
Splitting Stems
Unlock the answer
question
If there are any outliers
answer
What can Splitting the Stems help to identify?
Unlock the answer
question
When there is too much data, or data is overcrowded
answer
When do we Split the Stem?
Unlock the answer
question
Two sets of data share 1 stem (refer to Assignment #31 - Chapter 1: Data Set #1)
answer
Back-to-Back Stemplot
Unlock the answer
question
Breaks values into classes/intervals of equal width and displays frequency/percent of each class. The bars touch because of the continuous interval. If there is a large sample size, a Histogram is the best choice for displaying the data (if, of course, it is quantitative)
answer
Histogram
Unlock the answer
question
It only tells the frequency/percent, you can't see specific data points
answer
What is the Only Downside to a Histogram?
Unlock the answer
question
Approximately Symmetric (Refer to Assignment #31 - Chapter 1: Data Set #1)
answer
When a Curve Appears to be a Bell, but is not Exact, What is the Shape Referred to As?
Unlock the answer
question
Also known as Relative Cumulative Frequency Graph, an Ogive is used when we need to know how one value compares to others. An Ogive shows percents
answer
Ogive
Unlock the answer
question
The bottom So right-skewed would mean that most of the data is found near the top (AKA, the "Left Side")
answer
In the Left-Most Set of a Back-to-Back Stemplot, where is the "Right Side" of the Data?
Unlock the answer
question
Average Value The fair share; the amount everyone would get if they all had the same amount; the balancing point
answer
Mean
Unlock the answer
question
n = the number of data entries
answer
When referring to Quantitative Data Distribution Graphs, what does n mean?
Unlock the answer
question
"The sum of observations / n"
answer
Mean Formula
Unlock the answer
question
No, because one number can make the mean much larger/smaller than it actually is
answer
Is Mean Resistant to Outliers?
Unlock the answer
question
Typical Value Midpoint of distribution; half the observations are below this point and half are above
answer
Median
Unlock the answer
question
+ Arrange all Numbers Smallest to Largest + In cases where n is odd, the median is the middle number + In cases where n is even, the median is the average of the two middle number
answer
How to Find Median
Unlock the answer
question
Yes, because we are only interested in the positions of numbers, not their values
answer
Is Median Resistant to Outliers?
Unlock the answer
question
When a graph is symmetric or approximately symmetric (because it is affected by outliers)
answer
When is Mean Used?
Unlock the answer
question
When a graph is skewed or has outliers (because outliers don't affect it)
answer
When is Median Used?
Unlock the answer
question
The amount of variability in the distribution
answer
Spread
Unlock the answer
question
The IQR (middle 50% of data)
answer
What Can We Use to Improve the Distribution of Spread?
Unlock the answer
question
Q1 Median of the lower half of data
answer
Quartile 1
Unlock the answer
question
Q3 Median of upper half of data
answer
Quartile 3
Unlock the answer
question
Q3 - Q1 Represents the middle 50% of data
answer
IQR
Unlock the answer
question
Yes, because they are based on the median
answer
Are IQR and Quartiles Resistant to Outliers?
Unlock the answer
question
[Anything beyond these values are outliers] Q1 - 1.5IQR Q3 + 1.5IQR
answer
Boundaries for Outliers
Unlock the answer
question
Drop the value from the data set HOWEVER If there is an outlier that wasn't caused by an error, then you MUST include it in the data set
answer
If you know that an error occurred in your gathering of data, and in turn this creates an outlier, what can you do?
Unlock the answer
question
Minimum, Quartile 1, Median, Quartile 3, and Maximum
answer
Five Number Summary
Unlock the answer
question
Shows the Five Number Summary and Any Outliers + Box from Q1 to Q3 + Vertical Line inside the Box is the Median + Horizontal Lines Extend to Minimum and Maximum (Not Including Outliers) + Outliers are Dots Outside of Lines
answer
Box Plot
Unlock the answer
question
+ Insert Data + 2nd - Stat Plot (Hit 2nd - y=) + Choose Plot 1 + Turn on Plot 1 + Go to the Fourth Option (Box Plot with the Dots) + Zoom 9 + Trace to Jump Between Values of the Five Number Summary
answer
How to Make a Box Plot and Find the Five Number Summary with a Calculator (TI - 84)
Unlock the answer
question
Measure of relative location Finds what percent of observations lie at or below a certain value: # of values at or below a certain number / # of values
answer
Percentile
Unlock the answer
question
Standard Deviation
answer
Most Common Measure of Spread
Unlock the answer
question
Mean based; Looks at how far, on average, each observation is from the mean
answer
Standard Deviation
Unlock the answer
question
Populations
answer
When determining Standard Deviation (or Variance), we divide by n in the case of:
Unlock the answer
question
Samples
answer
When determining Standard Deviation (or Variance), we divide by (n-1) in the case of:
Unlock the answer
question
When the mean is used (Data is skewed or outliers are used)
answer
When is the ONLY time we use Standard Deviation?
Unlock the answer
question
Sx ? 0 Sx = 0 when there is no variability in the data set at all (all the observations are the same)
answer
What is always true about the value of Standard Deviation?
Unlock the answer
question
The more spread out the data is
answer
When does Sx get larger?
Unlock the answer
question
Sx has the same unit of measure as the original observations
answer
Why do we take the square root when finding Standard Deviation?
Unlock the answer
question
+ Put Data into a List + Stat. ---> Calc. ---> 1 Variable Statistics + (Data is in the List you Put it In)
answer
How to Find Mean and Standard Deviation in the Calculator:
Unlock the answer
question
x? = Mean ?x = Sum of x ?x^2 = Square each data point, then find the sum Sx = Standard Deviation of Sample (Divide by n-1) ?x = Standard Deviation of Population (Divide by n)
answer
Meanings of the Different Symbols You'll Encounter when Finding Sx in a Calculator
Unlock the answer
question
No! Median and IQR are used for one distribution Mean and Sx are used for another
answer
Can you ever cross between using Mean and IQR, or Median and Standard Deviation?
Unlock the answer
question
+ Put Data into a List + Go One List Over and Do all of the First List's Values ± the Correct Number (For example, L2 - 13 will go into the L3 column)
answer
How to Describe the Distribution of an Addition/Subtraction Error on a Calculator:
Unlock the answer
question
+ Add/Subtract #a to each measure of center (Mean, Median, Quartiles) and to each measure of location (Percentiles) + Shape is unaffected + Spread is unaffected
answer
How will Adding or Subtracting the same #a to each observation affect the distribution?
Unlock the answer
question
+ Put Data into a List (L1) + Go One List Over (L2) and Do all of L1's Values Multiplied by the Change (L1 * 23 information will go into L2)
answer
How to Describe the Distribution of an Multiplication/Division Error on a Calculator:
Unlock the answer
question
+ Multiply/Divide #b to each measure of center/location (Mean, Median, Quartiles, Percentiles) + Multiply/Divide each measure of spread (IQR, Range, Sx) by |b| + Shape is never affected
answer
How will Multiplying or Dividing the same #b to each observation affect the distribution?
Unlock the answer
question
Yes
answer
Is a Percentile affected by both a change in the addition/subtraction of a distribution as well as a multiplication/division change?
Unlock the answer
question
No, only a multiplication/division change
answer
Is a Measure of Spread affected by both a change in the addition/subtraction of a distribution as well as a multiplication/division change?
Unlock the answer
question
Yes
answer
Is a Measure of Center affected by both a change in the addition/subtraction of a distribution as well as a multiplication/division change?
Unlock the answer
question
No, shape isn't affect by either
answer
Is Shape affected by both a change in the addition/subtraction of a distribution as well as a multiplication/division change?
Unlock the answer
question
1.05x
answer
How would you go about doing x times 5%?
Unlock the answer