AP Psychology: Unit 5, States of Consciousness
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consciousness
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What is an awareness of ourselves and our environment?
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what is happening
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What does consciousness reflect?
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dual processing
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Our consciousness is one part of what processing that goes on in our minds?
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William James
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Which psychologist spoke of "stream of consciousness"?
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1. sleep 2. wake 3. altered states
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What are the three states of consciousness?
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the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
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What is Circadian Rhythm?
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• lower at night • your body is shutting down for the day
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At what point in the day is body temperature lower? Why?
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bright light in the morning
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What tweaks the circadian clock by activating light-sensitive retinal proteins?
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suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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What is the pair of grain-of-rice-sized, 20,000 cell clusters in the hypothalamus?
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it alerts the pineal gland to produce more or less melatonin
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What does the Suprachiasmatic nucleus do?
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a sleep-inducing hormone
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What is melatonin?
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about 90 minutes
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How long is each of the sleep cycles?
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rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring lseep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur
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What is REM sleep?
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the muscles are relaxed, but other body systems are active
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Why is REM sleep known as paradoxical sleep?
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relatively slow brain waves produced in a relaxed, awake state
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What are alpha waves?
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Stage 1
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During what stage of sleep may you experience images resembling hallucinations?
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false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
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What are hallucinations?
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the periodic, natural loss of consciousness
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What is sleep?
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Stage 2
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What stage of sleep is characterized by the periodic appearance of sleep spindles?
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bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity
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What are sleep spindles?
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slowed breathing and irregular brain waves
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What marks the transition from consciousness to Stage 1 sleep?
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during any sleep stage
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When can sleeptalking occur?
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Stage 3
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What is the transitional sleep stage before falling into deep sleep?
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Stage 3
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Which sleep stage marks the start of delta wave emission?
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the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
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What are delta waves?
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non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.
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What is NREM sleep?
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Stage 3 and Stage 2
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During which two phases of sleep do you spend about half the night?
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brainstem
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What part of the brain blocks the messages of the motor cortex during REM sleep?
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REM sleep
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During which sleep stage are you essentially paralyzed and cannot easily be awakened?
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REM and Stage 2 sleep
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As night wears on, which two sleep stages grow longer?
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• genetics • cultural influences
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What can sleep patterns by influenced by?
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True
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True or False: some people thrive with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night
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it helps restore and repair the brain
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How does sleep help people recuperate?
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molecules toxic to neurons
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What are free radicals?
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things with high waking metabolisms
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What produces free radicals?
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sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories of a day's experiences
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How does sleep make memories?
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False
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True or False: those who sleep more do not have an advantage in achieving more over those who sleep less.
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release growth hormone
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What does the pituitary gland do during deep sleep?
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recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
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What is insomnia?
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• sleeping pills and alcohol • harmful-- they reduce REM sleep
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What are the most common quick fixes for true insomnia? Are they helpful or harmful?
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a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks
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What is narcolepsy?
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REM sleep
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What sleep stage do narcoleptics uncontrollably lapse directly into?
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orexin
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What neurotransmitter is absent in the hypothalamic nerve centers of narcoleptics?
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a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
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What is sleep apnea?
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sleep apnea
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What sleep disorder includes symptoms of snoring, gasping for air while sleeping, obesity, and high blood pressure?
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insomnia
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What sleep disorder's symptoms include not being able to sleep and headaches?
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narcolepsy
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What sleep disorder's symptoms include excessive daytime sleepiness, hallucinations, and sleep paralysis?
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sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified, occurring during Stage 4 sleep
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What are night terrors?
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children
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Which group of people is most prone to sleepwalking and sleeptalking?
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children
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Who is mostly targeted by night terrors?
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night terrors
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What sleep disorder's symptoms include sitting up and walking around while sleeping, talking incoherently while asleep, and appearing terrified?
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young children
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Who has the lengthiest and deepest Stage 4 sleep?
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REM dreams
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What are known as "hallucinations of the sleeping mind"?
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the remembered story line of a dream
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What is manifest content?
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Sigmund Freud
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Who came up with the concepts of manifest content and latent content?
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True
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True or False: Outside sensory stimuli can intrude on our dreams.
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a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind.
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What is a dream?
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the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
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What is REM rebound?
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you spend less time sleeping
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What happens to the amount you sleep as you age?
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the idea that dreams provide psychic safety value-expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings
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What was Freud's wish-fulfillment?
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it helps us sort out the day's events and consolidate memories
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What is information processing?
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regular brain stimulation from REM sleep that may help develop and preserve neural pathways
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What is physiological function?
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when REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our brain weaves into stories
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What is activation synthesis?
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a reflection of dreamers' knowledge and understanding
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What is cognitive development?
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a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
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What is hypnosis?
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if they are willing and believing to be hypnotized
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Under what circumstances can people be hypnotized?
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more often than not, hypnosis results in the planting of false memories rather then the recovery of real memories
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What is true of the relationship between hypnosis and memory recollection?
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a suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
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What is the posthypnotic suggestion?
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undesirable behavior
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What is posthypnotic suggestion used by clinicians to control?
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if you believe in it, it can help alleviate pain as a placebo does
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How is hypnosis similar to the placebo effect?
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a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
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What is dissociation?
