AP Psychology Unit 1 & 2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Psychology is the mix of what two foundations?
answer
Biology and Philosophy
question
Who is the creator of the idea of natural selections, which is a principle in psychology, as well as biology?
answer
Charles Darwin
question
In its early years, psychology focused on the study of _______; from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________.
answer
Mental processes; observable behavior
question
The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by:
answer
brain chemistry
question
Which perspective is most directly relevant to an understanding of the nature-nurture issue?
answer
Behavior Genetics
question
Identical twins are more similar in intelligence than fraternal twins. This fact would be of most direct relevance to the ________ perspective.
answer
Behavior Genetics
question
Which perspective suggest that the facial expressions we use to express anger and fear are inherited?
answer
Evolutionary
question
Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has learned to play the piano because she consistently rewards his efforts to learn with praise and affections. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.
answer
Behavioral
question
The psychodynamic perspective is distinctive because it emphasizes that behavior is influenced by:
answer
Unconscious desires and unresolved conflicts
question
Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how a child's thinking changes as they get older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a _________ psychologist.
answer
developmental
question
The various theoretical perspectives employed by psychologists:
answer
often compliment one another
question
The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a:
answer
psychiatrist
question
Molly wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and white friends results from biological or cultural differences. In this instance, Molly is primarily concerned with the issue of:
answer
Nature vs. Nurture
question
Innate ability is to learned skills as _______is to _______.
answer
nature; nurture
question
What is the correct order for the active method of learning?
answer
Preview, read, think critically, and review
question
What was the definition of psychology before the 1920s?
answer
scientific study of mental life
question
Breathing is to remembering as ________ is to ________.
answer
behavior; mental processes
question
The first psychological laboratory was established in _______ by ________.
answer
Germany, Wilhelm Wundt
question
The cognitive perspective in psychology emphasizes how:
answer
people encode, process, store, and retrieve information
question
Which of the following disciplines had the greatest influence on the way Wundt, Pavlov, Freud, and Piaget approached the study of psychology?
answer
Biology
question
What variable is being manipulated in an experiment?
answer
independent
question
What variable is being measured in an experiment?
answer
dependent
question
What ensures that everyone has an equal chance to participate in an experiment?
answer
random sampling
question
What is the purpose of an experiment?
answer
proves causation (cause & effect)
question
What gives details about all variables and groups of an experiment?
answer
operational definition
question
What is used to reduce the effects of extraneous factors in both research conditions?
answer
random assignment
question
What was the importance of the operational definition from the pace of living experiment?
answer
must define the variables
question
What conditions receives the independent variable?
answer
experimental
question
What is used to reduce researcher bias in an experiment?
answer
double-blind study
question
What condition does not receive the independent variable , and what does it get instead?
answer
control group, placebo
question
What is the purpose of the control condition?
answer
to compare the two groups
question
What is the purpose of descriptive research? What are ways it is performed?
answer
to observe and describe: case study, survey, naturalistic observation
question
What are three measures of central tendency?
answer
mean, median, mode
question
What measure of central tendency is easiest to skew?
answer
mean
question
What are two measures of variation?
answer
range, standard deviation
question
Who said," what good fortune for those in power that people do not think"?
answer
Adolf Hitler
question
What are the seven current perspectives of psychology?
answer
evolutionary, social cultural, cognitive, psychodynamic, neuroscience, humanistic, behavioral
question
Which perspective focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences?
answer
biological
question
Which perspective focuses on how we learn observable responses?
answer
behavioral
question
Which perspective focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations?
answer
social cultural
question
Which perspective focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information?
answer
cognitive
question
Which perspective focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?
answer
psychodynamic
question
Which perspective is concerned with how much our genes and our environment influences our individual differences?
answer
biological
question
What are the three big issues today for psychologists?
answer
nature vs nurture, irrational vs rational, stability vs change
question
What Greek philosophers believed in innate ideas?
answer
Socrates, Plato
question
What Greek philosopher believed in learned ideas?
answer
Aristotle
question
What 17th century European philosopher believed in innate ideas?
answer
Descartes
question
What 17th century European philosopher believed in learned ideas?
answer
Locke
question
Modern day psychology is a mixture of what two fields?
answer
biology and philosophy
question
Who was the father of functionalism, focusing on how organisms adapt to their environment?
answer
William James
question
Who was the father of psychology, starting the first psychological laboratory in Germany in 1879?
answer
Wilhelm Wundt
question
What school of psychology was started by Wundt, focusing on the subjective and objective experience?
answer
structuralism
question
What student of Wundt's brought his ideas to Cornell University, teaching introspection as a way to teach self-reflection?
answer
Edward B. Titchner
question
What ancient Greek physician believed an imbalance in bodily fluids, humors, caused psychological symptoms?
answer
Hippocrates
question
During what time period did people believe psychological symptoms were caused by demon possession?
answer
medieval
question
Who created the school of psychoanalysis, focusing on the unconscious drives? What current day perspective did it involve into?
answer
Sigmund Freud, Psychodynamic
question
Who wrote the first psychology textbook in the 1890s?
answer
William James
question
Who wrote the "Origin of Species" in 1859, which would have an influence on the evolutionary perspective of psychology?
answer
Charles Darwin
question
Which area of psychology might be best suited to investigate the following research question: what happens in our brain when we forget details about stressful life events, and how does this process affect behavior?
answer
cognitive neuroscience
question
Which philosopher would have been most enthusiastic about modern empiricism?
answer
Aristotle
question
Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?
answer
William James
question
Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits?
answer
biopsychosocial
question
The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of
answer
structuralism
question
Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the
answer
adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions
question
Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as " the scientific study of observable behavior"?
answer
John B. Watson
question
In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ______, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on______.
answer
childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential
question
In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of
answer
mental processes
question
Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a _______ perspective.
answer
psychodynamic
question
Which of the following psychologists most clearly rejected the value of introspection?
answer
John B. Watson
question
Which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a "blank slate"?
answer
John Locke
question
Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of
answer
nature vs nurture
question
Introspection was the basic research tool used by ______ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images.
answer
Edward Titchner
question
Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of
answer
behavior and mental processes
question
The first psychological laboratory was established by
answer
Wilhelm Wundt
question
The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how
answer
people encode, process, store and retrieve information
question
The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by
answer
William James
question
Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
answer
Mary Calkins
question
Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?
answer
Sigmund Freud
question
Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of
answer
reactions to sensory stimulation
question
In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to ______ as Plato is to _____
answer
nurture, nature
question
The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by
answer
John Locke and Francis Bacon
question
In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ______, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ______
answer
mental life, observable behavior
question
The inheritance of behavior characteristics was emphasized by
answer
John Watson
question
What is the correct order of the Greek philosophers?
answer
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
question
The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by
answer
John Locke and Francis Bacon
question
Descartes theory of how our brain controlled our reflexes involved which of the following?
answer
brain fluid and animal spirits
question
Which philosopher would have been most enthusiastic about modern empiricism?
answer
Rene Descartes
question
Basic Purpose of Descriptive
answer
to observe and record behavior
question
How is Descriptive method conducted?
answer
case studies, surveys, or naturalistic behavior
question
Descriptive Method Strengths
answer
case studies require only one participant; surveys may be done fairly quickly and inexpensively. Naturalistic observation may be done when it's not ethical to manipulate variables
question
Basic Purpose of Correlational
answer
to detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another
question
Hos is correlational method conducted?
answer
compute statistical association, sometime among survey responses
question
Correlational Method Strengths
answer
works with large groups of data, and may be used in situations where an experiment wouldn't be ethical or possible
question
Correlational Method Weaknesses
answer
Does not specify cause and effect
question
Descriptive Method Weaknesses
answer
No control of variables; single cases may be misleading
question
Basic Purpose of Experimental
answer
to explore cause and effect
question
How is experimental method conducted?
answer
manipulate one or more factors; use random assignments
question
What is manipulated in experimental method?
answer
the independent variables
question
Experimental Method Strengths
answer
specifies cause and effect, and variables are controlled
question
Experimental Method Weaknesses
answer
sometimes not feasible; results may not generalize to other contexts; not ethical to manipulate certain variables
question
Cognitive neuroscience
answer
the study of brain activity linked with mental activity
question
experimental psychologist
answer
who explore behavior and thinking with experiments
question
behaviorism
answer
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
question
humanistic psychology
answer
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
question
nature-nurture issue
answer
the lonstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behavior
question
natural selection
answer
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on succeeding generations
question
structuralism
answer
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
question
functionalism
answer
a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
question
levels of analysis
answer
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
question
Biopsychosocial approach
answer
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis
question
psychometrics
answer
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
question
basic research
answer
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
question
developmental psychology
answer
the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
question
educational psychology
answer
the study of how psychological processes affect and relate to one another
question
personality psychology
answer
the study of an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
question
social psychology
answer
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
question
applied research
answer
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
question
industrial organization psychology
answer
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
question
human factors psychology
answer
the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments
question
counseling psychology
answer
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well being
question
clinical psychology
answer
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
question
psychiatry
answer
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
question
hindsight bias
answer
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
question
critical thinking
answer
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions; it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusion
question
theory
answer
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
question
hypothesis
answer
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
question
population
answer
all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn
question
random sample
answer
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
question
naturalistic observation
answer
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
question
correlation
answer
a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of well either factor predicts the other
question
correlational coefficient
answer
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (-1 to +1)
question
scatterplot
answer
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables
question
illusory correlational
answer
the perception of a relationship where none exists
question
experiment
answer
a research method in which an environment an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process ( the dependent variable)
question
random assignment
answer
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
question
double blind procedure
answer
an experimental procedure n which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo
question
placebo effect
answer
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
question
experimental group
answer
in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
question
control group
answer
in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment
question
confounding variable
answer
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
question
normal curve
answer
a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data
question
statistical significance
answer
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
question
culture
answer
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
question
informed consent
answer
an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
question
debriefing
answer
the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New