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AP Psychology Unit 1 & 2 – Flashcards

Aiden Simmons

7 July 2022

question

Psychology is the mix of what two foundations?

answer

Biology and Philosophy

question

Who is the creator of the idea of natural selections, which is a principle in psychology, as well as biology?

answer

Charles Darwin

question

In its early years, psychology focused on the study of _______; from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________.

answer

Mental processes; observable behavior

question

The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by:

answer

brain chemistry

question

Which perspective is most directly relevant to an understanding of the nature-nurture issue?

answer

Behavior Genetics

question

Identical twins are more similar in intelligence than fraternal twins. This fact would be of most direct relevance to the ________ perspective.

answer

Behavior Genetics

question

Which perspective suggest that the facial expressions we use to express anger and fear are inherited?

answer

Evolutionary

question

Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has learned to play the piano because she consistently rewards his efforts to learn with praise and affections. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.

answer

Behavioral

question

The psychodynamic perspective is distinctive because it emphasizes that behavior is influenced by:

answer

Unconscious desires and unresolved conflicts

question

Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how a child's thinking changes as they get older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a _________ psychologist.

answer

developmental

question

The various theoretical perspectives employed by psychologists:

answer

often compliment one another

question

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a:

answer

psychiatrist

question

Molly wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and white friends results from biological or cultural differences. In this instance, Molly is primarily concerned with the issue of:

answer

Nature vs. Nurture

question

Innate ability is to learned skills as _______is to _______.

answer

nature; nurture

question

What is the correct order for the active method of learning?

answer

Preview, read, think critically, and review

question

What was the definition of psychology before the 1920s?

answer

scientific study of mental life

question

Breathing is to remembering as ________ is to ________.

answer

behavior; mental processes

question

The first psychological laboratory was established in _______ by ________.

answer

Germany, Wilhelm Wundt

question

The cognitive perspective in psychology emphasizes how:

answer

people encode, process, store, and retrieve information

question

Which of the following disciplines had the greatest influence on the way Wundt, Pavlov, Freud, and Piaget approached the study of psychology?

answer

Biology

question

What variable is being manipulated in an experiment?

answer

independent

question

What variable is being measured in an experiment?

answer

dependent

question

What ensures that everyone has an equal chance to participate in an experiment?

answer

random sampling

question

What is the purpose of an experiment?

answer

proves causation (cause & effect)

question

What gives details about all variables and groups of an experiment?

answer

operational definition

question

What is used to reduce the effects of extraneous factors in both research conditions?

answer

random assignment

question

What was the importance of the operational definition from the pace of living experiment?

answer

must define the variables

question

What conditions receives the independent variable?

answer

experimental

question

What is used to reduce researcher bias in an experiment?

answer

double-blind study

question

What condition does not receive the independent variable , and what does it get instead?

answer

control group, placebo

question

What is the purpose of the control condition?

answer

to compare the two groups

question

What is the purpose of descriptive research? What are ways it is performed?

answer

to observe and describe: case study, survey, naturalistic observation

question

What are three measures of central tendency?

answer

mean, median, mode

question

What measure of central tendency is easiest to skew?

answer

mean

question

What are two measures of variation?

answer

range, standard deviation

question

Who said," what good fortune for those in power that people do not think"?

answer

Adolf Hitler

question

What are the seven current perspectives of psychology?

answer

evolutionary, social cultural, cognitive, psychodynamic, neuroscience, humanistic, behavioral

question

Which perspective focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences?

answer

biological

question

Which perspective focuses on how we learn observable responses?

answer

behavioral

question

Which perspective focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations?

answer

social cultural

question

Which perspective focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information?

answer

cognitive

question

Which perspective focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?

answer

psychodynamic

question

Which perspective is concerned with how much our genes and our environment influences our individual differences?

answer

biological

question

What are the three big issues today for psychologists?

answer

nature vs nurture, irrational vs rational, stability vs change

question

What Greek philosophers believed in innate ideas?

answer

Socrates, Plato

question

What Greek philosopher believed in learned ideas?

answer

Aristotle

question

What 17th century European philosopher believed in innate ideas?

answer

Descartes

question

What 17th century European philosopher believed in learned ideas?

answer

Locke

question

Modern day psychology is a mixture of what two fields?

answer

biology and philosophy

question

Who was the father of functionalism, focusing on how organisms adapt to their environment?

answer

William James

question

Who was the father of psychology, starting the first psychological laboratory in Germany in 1879?

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

What school of psychology was started by Wundt, focusing on the subjective and objective experience?

answer

structuralism

question

What student of Wundt's brought his ideas to Cornell University, teaching introspection as a way to teach self-reflection?

answer

Edward B. Titchner

question

What ancient Greek physician believed an imbalance in bodily fluids, humors, caused psychological symptoms?

answer

Hippocrates

question

During what time period did people believe psychological symptoms were caused by demon possession?

answer

medieval

question

Who created the school of psychoanalysis, focusing on the unconscious drives? What current day perspective did it involve into?

answer

Sigmund Freud, Psychodynamic

question

Who wrote the first psychology textbook in the 1890s?

answer

William James

question

Who wrote the "Origin of Species" in 1859, which would have an influence on the evolutionary perspective of psychology?

answer

Charles Darwin

question

Which area of psychology might be best suited to investigate the following research question: what happens in our brain when we forget details about stressful life events, and how does this process affect behavior?

answer

cognitive neuroscience

question

Which philosopher would have been most enthusiastic about modern empiricism?

answer

Aristotle

question

Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?

answer

William James

question

Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits?

answer

biopsychosocial

question

The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of

answer

structuralism

question

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

answer

adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions

question

Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as " the scientific study of observable behavior"?

answer

John B. Watson

question

In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ______, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on______.

answer

childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential

question

In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of

answer

mental processes

question

Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a _______ perspective.

answer

psychodynamic

question

Which of the following psychologists most clearly rejected the value of introspection?

answer

John B. Watson

question

Which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a "blank slate"?

answer

John Locke

question

Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of

answer

nature vs nurture

question

Introspection was the basic research tool used by ______ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images.

answer

Edward Titchner

question

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of

answer

behavior and mental processes

question

The first psychological laboratory was established by

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how

answer

people encode, process, store and retrieve information

question

The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by

answer

William James

question

Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

answer

Mary Calkins

question

Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of

answer

reactions to sensory stimulation

question

In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to ______ as Plato is to _____

answer

nurture, nature

question

The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by

answer

John Locke and Francis Bacon

question

In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ______, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ______

answer

mental life, observable behavior

question

The inheritance of behavior characteristics was emphasized by

answer

John Watson

question

What is the correct order of the Greek philosophers?

answer

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

question

The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by

answer

John Locke and Francis Bacon

question

Descartes theory of how our brain controlled our reflexes involved which of the following?

answer

brain fluid and animal spirits

question

Which philosopher would have been most enthusiastic about modern empiricism?

answer

Rene Descartes

question

Basic Purpose of Descriptive

answer

to observe and record behavior

question

How is Descriptive method conducted?

answer

case studies, surveys, or naturalistic behavior

question

Descriptive Method Strengths

answer

case studies require only one participant; surveys may be done fairly quickly and inexpensively. Naturalistic observation may be done when it's not ethical to manipulate variables

question

Basic Purpose of Correlational

answer

to detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another

question

Hos is correlational method conducted?

answer

compute statistical association, sometime among survey responses

question

Correlational Method Strengths

answer

works with large groups of data, and may be used in situations where an experiment wouldn't be ethical or possible

question

Correlational Method Weaknesses

answer

Does not specify cause and effect

question

Descriptive Method Weaknesses

answer

No control of variables; single cases may be misleading

question

Basic Purpose of Experimental

answer

to explore cause and effect

question

How is experimental method conducted?

answer

manipulate one or more factors; use random assignments

question

What is manipulated in experimental method?

answer

the independent variables

question

Experimental Method Strengths

answer

specifies cause and effect, and variables are controlled

question

Experimental Method Weaknesses

answer

sometimes not feasible; results may not generalize to other contexts; not ethical to manipulate certain variables

question

Cognitive neuroscience

answer

the study of brain activity linked with mental activity

question

experimental psychologist

answer

who explore behavior and thinking with experiments

question

behaviorism

answer

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

question

humanistic psychology

answer

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

question

nature-nurture issue

answer

the lonstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behavior

question

natural selection

answer

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on succeeding generations

question

structuralism

answer

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

question

functionalism

answer

a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

question

levels of analysis

answer

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

question

Biopsychosocial approach

answer

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis

question

psychometrics

answer

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

question

basic research

answer

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

question

developmental psychology

answer

the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

question

educational psychology

answer

the study of how psychological processes affect and relate to one another

question

personality psychology

answer

the study of an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

question

social psychology

answer

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

question

applied research

answer

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

question

industrial organization psychology

answer

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

question

human factors psychology

answer

the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments

question

counseling psychology

answer

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well being

question

clinical psychology

answer

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

question

psychiatry

answer

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

question

hindsight bias

answer

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

question

critical thinking

answer

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions; it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusion

question

theory

answer

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

question

hypothesis

answer

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

question

population

answer

all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

question

random sample

answer

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

question

naturalistic observation

answer

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

question

correlation

answer

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of well either factor predicts the other

question

correlational coefficient

answer

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (-1 to +1)

question

scatterplot

answer

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables

question

illusory correlational

answer

the perception of a relationship where none exists

question

experiment

answer

a research method in which an environment an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process ( the dependent variable)

question

random assignment

answer

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

question

double blind procedure

answer

an experimental procedure n which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

question

placebo effect

answer

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

question

experimental group

answer

in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

question

control group

answer

in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment

question

confounding variable

answer

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

question

normal curve

answer

a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

question

statistical significance

answer

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

question

culture

answer

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

question

informed consent

answer

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

question

debriefing

answer

the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

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question

Psychology is the mix of what two foundations?

answer

Biology and Philosophy

question

Who is the creator of the idea of natural selections, which is a principle in psychology, as well as biology?

answer

Charles Darwin

question

In its early years, psychology focused on the study of _______; from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________.

answer

Mental processes; observable behavior

question

The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by:

answer

brain chemistry

question

Which perspective is most directly relevant to an understanding of the nature-nurture issue?

answer

Behavior Genetics

question

Identical twins are more similar in intelligence than fraternal twins. This fact would be of most direct relevance to the ________ perspective.

answer

Behavior Genetics

question

Which perspective suggest that the facial expressions we use to express anger and fear are inherited?

answer

Evolutionary

question

Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has learned to play the piano because she consistently rewards his efforts to learn with praise and affections. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.

answer

Behavioral

question

The psychodynamic perspective is distinctive because it emphasizes that behavior is influenced by:

answer

Unconscious desires and unresolved conflicts

question

Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how a child's thinking changes as they get older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a _________ psychologist.

answer

developmental

question

The various theoretical perspectives employed by psychologists:

answer

often compliment one another

question

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a:

answer

psychiatrist

question

answer

Nature vs. Nurture

question

Innate ability is to learned skills as _______is to _______.

answer

nature; nurture

question

What is the correct order for the active method of learning?

answer

Preview, read, think critically, and review

question

What was the definition of psychology before the 1920s?

answer

scientific study of mental life

question

Breathing is to remembering as ________ is to ________.

answer

behavior; mental processes

question

The first psychological laboratory was established in _______ by ________.

answer

Germany, Wilhelm Wundt

question

The cognitive perspective in psychology emphasizes how:

answer

people encode, process, store, and retrieve information

question

Which of the following disciplines had the greatest influence on the way Wundt, Pavlov, Freud, and Piaget approached the study of psychology?

answer

Biology

question

What variable is being manipulated in an experiment?

answer

independent

question

What variable is being measured in an experiment?

answer

dependent

question

What ensures that everyone has an equal chance to participate in an experiment?

answer

random sampling

question

What is the purpose of an experiment?

answer

proves causation (cause & effect)

question

What gives details about all variables and groups of an experiment?

answer

operational definition

question

What is used to reduce the effects of extraneous factors in both research conditions?

answer

random assignment

question

What was the importance of the operational definition from the pace of living experiment?

answer

must define the variables

question

What conditions receives the independent variable?

answer

experimental

question

What is used to reduce researcher bias in an experiment?

answer

double-blind study

question

What condition does not receive the independent variable , and what does it get instead?

answer

control group, placebo

question

What is the purpose of the control condition?

answer

to compare the two groups

question

What is the purpose of descriptive research? What are ways it is performed?

answer

to observe and describe: case study, survey, naturalistic observation

question

What are three measures of central tendency?

answer

mean, median, mode

question

What measure of central tendency is easiest to skew?

answer

mean

question

What are two measures of variation?

answer

range, standard deviation

question

Who said," what good fortune for those in power that people do not think"?

answer

Adolf Hitler

question

What are the seven current perspectives of psychology?

answer

evolutionary, social cultural, cognitive, psychodynamic, neuroscience, humanistic, behavioral

question

Which perspective focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences?

answer

biological

question

Which perspective focuses on how we learn observable responses?

answer

behavioral

question

Which perspective focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations?

answer

social cultural

question

Which perspective focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information?

answer

cognitive

question

Which perspective focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?

answer

psychodynamic

question

Which perspective is concerned with how much our genes and our environment influences our individual differences?

answer

biological

question

What are the three big issues today for psychologists?

answer

nature vs nurture, irrational vs rational, stability vs change

question

What Greek philosophers believed in innate ideas?

answer

Socrates, Plato

question

What Greek philosopher believed in learned ideas?

answer

Aristotle

question

What 17th century European philosopher believed in innate ideas?

answer

Descartes

question

What 17th century European philosopher believed in learned ideas?

answer

Locke

question

Modern day psychology is a mixture of what two fields?

answer

biology and philosophy

question

Who was the father of functionalism, focusing on how organisms adapt to their environment?

answer

William James

question

Who was the father of psychology, starting the first psychological laboratory in Germany in 1879?

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

What school of psychology was started by Wundt, focusing on the subjective and objective experience?

answer

structuralism

question

What student of Wundt's brought his ideas to Cornell University, teaching introspection as a way to teach self-reflection?

answer

Edward B. Titchner

question

What ancient Greek physician believed an imbalance in bodily fluids, humors, caused psychological symptoms?

answer

Hippocrates

question

During what time period did people believe psychological symptoms were caused by demon possession?

answer

medieval

question

Who created the school of psychoanalysis, focusing on the unconscious drives? What current day perspective did it involve into?

answer

Sigmund Freud, Psychodynamic

question

Who wrote the first psychology textbook in the 1890s?

answer

William James

question

Who wrote the "Origin of Species" in 1859, which would have an influence on the evolutionary perspective of psychology?

answer

Charles Darwin

question

answer

cognitive neuroscience

question

Which philosopher would have been most enthusiastic about modern empiricism?

answer

Aristotle

question

Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?

answer

William James

question

Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits?

answer

biopsychosocial

question

The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of

answer

structuralism

question

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

answer

adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions

question

Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as " the scientific study of observable behavior"?

answer

John B. Watson

question

In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ______, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on______.

answer

childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential

question

In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of

answer

mental processes

question

answer

psychodynamic

question

Which of the following psychologists most clearly rejected the value of introspection?

answer

John B. Watson

question

Which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a "blank slate"?

answer

John Locke

question

Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of

answer

nature vs nurture

question

Introspection was the basic research tool used by ______ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images.

answer

Edward Titchner

question

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of

answer

behavior and mental processes

question

The first psychological laboratory was established by

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how

answer

people encode, process, store and retrieve information

question

The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by

answer

William James

question

Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

answer

Mary Calkins

question

Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of

answer

reactions to sensory stimulation

question

In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to ______ as Plato is to _____

answer

nurture, nature

question

The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by

answer

John Locke and Francis Bacon

question

In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ______, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ______

answer

mental life, observable behavior

question

The inheritance of behavior characteristics was emphasized by

answer

John Watson

question

What is the correct order of the Greek philosophers?

answer

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

question

The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by

answer

John Locke and Francis Bacon

question

Descartes theory of how our brain controlled our reflexes involved which of the following?

answer

brain fluid and animal spirits

question

Which philosopher would have been most enthusiastic about modern empiricism?

answer

Rene Descartes

question

Basic Purpose of Descriptive

answer

to observe and record behavior

question

How is Descriptive method conducted?

answer

case studies, surveys, or naturalistic behavior

question

Descriptive Method Strengths

answer

case studies require only one participant; surveys may be done fairly quickly and inexpensively. Naturalistic observation may be done when it's not ethical to manipulate variables

question

Basic Purpose of Correlational

answer

to detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another

question

Hos is correlational method conducted?

answer

compute statistical association, sometime among survey responses

question

Correlational Method Strengths

answer

works with large groups of data, and may be used in situations where an experiment wouldn't be ethical or possible

question

Correlational Method Weaknesses

answer

Does not specify cause and effect

question

Descriptive Method Weaknesses

answer

No control of variables; single cases may be misleading

question

Basic Purpose of Experimental

answer

to explore cause and effect

question

How is experimental method conducted?

answer

manipulate one or more factors; use random assignments

question

What is manipulated in experimental method?

answer

the independent variables

question

Experimental Method Strengths

answer

specifies cause and effect, and variables are controlled

question

Experimental Method Weaknesses

answer

sometimes not feasible; results may not generalize to other contexts; not ethical to manipulate certain variables

question

Cognitive neuroscience

answer

the study of brain activity linked with mental activity

question

experimental psychologist

answer

who explore behavior and thinking with experiments

question

behaviorism

answer

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

question

humanistic psychology

answer

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

question

nature-nurture issue

answer

the lonstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behavior

question

natural selection

answer

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on succeeding generations

question

structuralism

answer

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

question

functionalism

answer

a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

question

levels of analysis

answer

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

question

Biopsychosocial approach

answer

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis

question

psychometrics

answer

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

question

basic research

answer

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

question

developmental psychology

answer

the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

question

educational psychology

answer

the study of how psychological processes affect and relate to one another

question

personality psychology

answer

the study of an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

question

social psychology

answer

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

question

applied research

answer

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

question

industrial organization psychology

answer

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

question

human factors psychology

answer

the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments

question

counseling psychology

answer

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well being

question

clinical psychology

answer

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

question

psychiatry

answer

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

question

hindsight bias

answer

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

question

critical thinking

answer

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions; it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusion

question

theory

answer

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

question

hypothesis

answer

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

question

population

answer

all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

question

random sample

answer

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

question

naturalistic observation

answer

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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correlation

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a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of well either factor predicts the other

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correlational coefficient

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a statistical index of the relationship between two things (-1 to +1)

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scatterplot

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a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables

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illusory correlational

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the perception of a relationship where none exists

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experiment

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a research method in which an environment an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process ( the dependent variable)

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random assignment

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assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

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double blind procedure

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an experimental procedure n which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

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placebo effect

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experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

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experimental group

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in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

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control group

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in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment

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confounding variable

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a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

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normal curve

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a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

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statistical significance

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a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

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culture

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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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informed consent

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an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

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debriefing

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the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

AP Psychology Unit 1 & 2 – Flashcards

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