AP Psychology Study Set: Practice Test #2 – Flashcards
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Which of the following is the most important detail of Wundt's ear;y research that established the psychology as a science?
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Wundt set up a laboratory and focused on empirical evidence that could be replicated
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Which of the following psychologists would most likely agree with the following statement: Behavior is a result of the combination of reinforcers and punishers?
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B. R. Skinner
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Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture of 400 people is an example of which if the following?
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random sampling
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Which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias?
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double blind study
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Damage to the occipital lobes of the brain would most likely affect which of the senses?
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sight
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A medication prescribed by a psychiatrist for major depression would most likely influence the balance of which of the following neurotransmitter?
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serotonin
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A doctor examining a car crash victim in order to determine whether the crash caused structural damage to the brain would use what kind of brain scan?
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MRI
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Physiological reactions to surprise or shocks are most controlled by which of the following parts of the nervous system?
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sympathetic nervous system
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Children who suffer brain damage may be able to regain their physical and mental abilities more quickly than older brain damage patients due to which of the following properties of the brain?
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brain plasticity
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Which of the following kinds of brain scans would be most useful in disproving the statement: "Most people only use 10 percent of their brains"?
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PET
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Which of the following structures in the eye is most specifically responsible for color vision?
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cones
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Human senses can be divided into which two major categories based on what the senses gather form the outside world?
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energy and chemical
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Turning up the volume on a music player changes which aspect of sound?
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amplitude of the wave
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A research study establishes that most people can taste on gram of salt in one quart of water. Which of the following concepts is most closely related to the goal of this study?
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signal detection theory
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A musician's ability to make a distinction between two very similar pitches depends on which of the following concepts?
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difference threshold
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Our ability to perceive depth depends primarily on what other perceptual
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binocular and monocular cues
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REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects?
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interference with memory tasks
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Which two competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis?
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role theory and dissociation theory
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What is the first step in any example of classical conditioning?
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pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
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An "A+" course grade is which kind of reinforcer?
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secondary
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A researcher who concludes that "people who watch graphic violence in films are more likely to behave in violent ways than people who don't" is probably researching which kind of learning?
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observational
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In the three-box information processing model, what is the first place memories are stored?
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sensory memory
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Memory research indicates that memories may be physically stored in the brain through strengthened connections between brain neurons. What is this process called?
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long-term potentiation
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Most mnemonic devices (like learning the notes on the staff by memorizing the sentence "Every Good Boy Does Fine" and using the first letter of each word) are examples of which kind of memory enhancement technique?
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chunking
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Seeing someone in line at the grocery store and remembering her or his name is an example of which kind of retrieval?
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recall
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Which of the following is most likely to lead to a constructed memory?
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leading questions
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Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theorizes that each person is motivated by what?
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homeostasis needs determined by our inner self
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Which of the following brain structure is most centrally involved in hunger motivation?
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hypothalamus
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Which kinds of motivations are best encourage positive behaviors to persist over long periods of time?
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intrinsic motivation
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A researcher tests the problem solving skill of twenty 10-year old, twenty 20-year old, and twenty 30-year old participants for a study on age and problem solving. What research method is this researcher using?
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cross-sectional
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Which of the following newborn reflexes help infants find and eat food?
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rooting
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Mary Ainsworth placed babies into a strange situation and observed the babies' reactions when the parents left and then returned. What developmental concept was Ainsworth studying?
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attachment
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Which developmental stage theory explained how experiences in infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age influence later personality characteristics?
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Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
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What would Piaget test in order to determine whether a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage of cognitive development?
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concepts of conservation
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According to Sigmund Freud, what is the dominant factor determining our personality traits?
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unconscious conflcits
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Which of the following is a common way to categorize personality traits?
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The Big Five
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A pencil and paper personality test that places a person in one of several personality categories (such as extrovert?introvert, etc.) is based on which personality theory?
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trait
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Which of the following was an important technique used by Abraham Maslow and the humanistic psychologists during therapy?
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unconditioned positive regard
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Which of the following kinds of personality theorists is the most likely to use a projective test?
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psychoanalyst
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Which of teh following kinds of tests is most likely to be an achievement test?
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a classroom test over a chapter in a textbook
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The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on which kind of intelligence?
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fluid intelligence
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Which of the following terms applies to IQ tests?
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standardized
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A person who experiences flashbacks and nightmares after being involved in a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with which kind of psychological disorder?
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anxiety disorder
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What kind of symptom is common among all the samatoform disorders?
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experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
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Psychogenic amnesia and fugue states are both indications of which kind of psychological disorder?
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dissociative
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People who suffer from major depression often have very low levels of which neurotransmitter?
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serotonin
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In what way would a person diagnosed with schizophrenia most likely differ from a person diagnosed with a dissociative disorder?
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a person diagnosed with schizophrenia is likely to experience hallucinations
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What is the principal tool used in all forms of psychotherapy?
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talking to a patient
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Why are psychoanalysts sometimes interested in talking with a patient about dreams?
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some psychoanalysts believe that dream symbols represent unconscious conflicts
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Which of the following kinds of therapies would most likely be used by a somatic therapist?
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chemotherapy
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Which of the therapies listed below is no longer used to treat patients?
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prefrontal lobotomy
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Which of the following kinds of therapists is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient diagnosed with bipolar disorder?
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psychiatrist
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A non-profit environmental group includes a free gift of address labels in a letter asking for contributions. Which social psychological principle is the non-profit group trying to use to increase contributions?
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compliance strategy
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A math teacher refuses to look at the grades her students received in the past in math classes. The teacher is worried that looking at their past grades might influence the ways she reacts to her students. What effect is the teacher trying to avoid?
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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What kinds of factors are ignored or de-emphasized when people commit the fundamental attribution error?
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situational
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Which social psychological principle best explains prejudice?
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in-group bias
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Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicated that which of the following principles best help reduce tensions between groups?
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superordinate goals
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Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds?
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risk of psychological harm
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What makes the psychoanalytic perspective different from the other psychological perspectives?
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psychoanalysts focus on the unconscious mind
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It a distribution of scores includes one or more outliers, which of the following measures of central tendency should be used?
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median
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Which of the following would a researcher need to sue to determine if the difference between the mean scores of the experimental groups was significant?
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inferential statistics
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Which sentence most accurately describes how neurons communicate?
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chemicals travel from one neuron to another, influencing whether a neuron will fire or not
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Someone with brain damage who has difficulty making the muscle movements needed to produce accurate speech might have damage to which area of the brain?
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Broca's Area
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Which of the following structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain?
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medulla
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The case study of Phineas Gage's brain injury was significant for which of the following reasons?
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It was one of the first well-documented examples of a specific brain area being associated with a set of physical and emotional changes
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An artist doing a pencil drawing could use which of the following techniques to add depth to her or his drawing?
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linear perspective
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Which classical conditioning term best describes the following scenario: Later in his classical conditioning experiment, Ivan Pavlov's dogs began to salivate whenever they heard any sound similar to a bell, such as a doorbell or someone accidentally clinking a water glass.
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generaliztion
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Garcia and Keolling's regarding learned aversions established that which of the following UCS and CS pairs are most powerful and learned mist quickly?
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nausea and food or drink
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Why might a researcher use a variable ratio of reinforcement rather than a fixed ratio?
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variable ratio schedules of reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than fixed schedules
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Knowledge of different categories of trees and where they grow best is an example of what kind of long-term memory?
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semantic memory
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Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory?
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remebering how to tie a tie
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Research indicates that which of the following factors most influence a person's sexual orientation?
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hormones released in the womb
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A psychology teacher who believes that all students want to learn and creates a classroom culture that encourages this intrinsic motivation is using which kind of management style?
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theory Y
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Which of the following factors impacts the speed of motor development the most?
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myelination of brain neurons
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Which of the following statement best describes an important difference between authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles?
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authoritative parents set and enforce rules, but explain and emphasize the rationale behind the rules
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What kind of question would be most useful in a study testing Lawrence Kohlberg's concepts or pre- and post- conventional stages?
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should someone tell a small lie in order to prevent someone's feelings from being hurt?
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Which of the following is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory?
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the evidence for Freud's method was based only on his therapy sessions and was not tested scientifically
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Someone who fails an important exam and reacts by spending more time studying in the library and less time socializing probably has which ind of locus of control?
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internal
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How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145?
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this score if three standard deviations above the average score of 100
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Which of the following is the most complete list of the common characteristics of psychological disorders?
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maladaptive, disturbing, unusual, irrational
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Which on the following is one of the key factors thet differentiate major depression from periods of sadness that everyone experiences?
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people who experience major depression are sad longer than two weeks without an obvious cause
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Which of the following techniques would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink?
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encouraging contrary opinions within the group
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Which of the following was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies?
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size of the group
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A psychologist who advises a patient to write about his depressed thoughts and prescribes an anti-depressant medication is using a combination of which of the following perspectives?
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Cognitive and Biopsychology
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Why can experiments determine casual relationships when no other research method can?
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experiments isolate the effects of independent variables on dependent variables
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Which research method would most likely be used to test the following hypothesis: People who conserve energy by buying hybrid cars are more likely to spend more money on organic foods.
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correlation
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The case study of Phineas Gage's brain injury was significant for which of the following reasons?
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it was one of the first well-documented examples of a specific brain associated with a set of physical and emotional changes
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A person suffering from a skin rash finds her pain temporarily relieved by vigorous itching. She does not perceive the pain from the rash while she is itching, but the pain returns soon after she stops itching. Which concept best explains this temporary pain relief?
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gate-control theory
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Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by which of the following processes?
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tolerance
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What is the major difference between classical and operant conditioning?
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classical conditioning involves pairing stimuli, and operant conditioning involves pairing a response with a stimulus
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What is the major difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
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punishments are primarily used when training an organism to perform a behavior and negative reinforcements are sued to train an organism to stop performing a behavior
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Noam Chomsky and B.F. Skinner disagreed about how children acquire language. Which of the following concepts is most relevant to the differences between their theories
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language acquisition effect
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A research participant east half a bowl of M&M candies, and then stops eating. How would a motivation researcher using Drive Reduction theory explain this participants behavior?
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the primary drive of hunger motivated the person to eat, and then stop when he/she regained homeostasis
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Which of the following is the best summary of the Stanley Schacter's two-factor theory of emotion?
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a combination of psychological changes and our cognitive interpretations combine to produce our emotional experiences
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How would Piaget describe the process of learning something new using terminology from his cognitive development theory?
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when we can't assimilate new information, we change our schemas through accomodation
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Albert Bandura and the social-cognitive personality theorists believe that personality results from the interaction of which factors?
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traits, the environment, and behavior
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What would a psychometrician conclude about personality tests that tells a person she is an extreme extrovert the first time she takes the test and an extreme introvert the nest time she takes it?
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the results indicate that the test has low test-retest reliability
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Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between reliability and validity?
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a test can be reliable but not valid
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What is the purpose of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?
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to list diagnoses and symptoms so that psychologists and others can help diagnose psychological disorders
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What kind of therapy involves both behavioral and cognitive interventions?
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systematic desensitization
