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social facilitation

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stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 738)

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social leadership

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group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 508)

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social learning theory

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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 132)

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social loafing

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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 739)

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social psychology

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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 723)

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social trap

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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 756)

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somatic nervous system

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the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 062)

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source amnesia

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attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 384)

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spacing effect

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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 355)

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split brain

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a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 084)

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spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 319)

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spotlight effect

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overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). (Myers Psychology 8e p. 632)

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standard deviation

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a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 042)

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standardization

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defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 446)

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Stanford-Binet

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the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 443)

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statistical significance

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a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 043)

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stereotype

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a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 743)

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stereotype threat

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a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 465)

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stimulants

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drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 300)

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storage

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the retention of encoded information over time. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 351)

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stranger anxiety

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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 155)

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structuralism

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an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 004)

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stress

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the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 550)

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structured interviews

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interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 502)

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subjective well-being

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self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 538)

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subliminal

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below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 200)

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superego

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the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 598)

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superordinate goals

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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 767)

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survey

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a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 027)

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sympathetic nervous system

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the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 062)

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synapse

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the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft.

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syntax

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the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

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systematic desensitization

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a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 692)

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tardive dyskinesia

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involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 712)

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task leadership

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goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 508)

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telegraphic speech

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early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—\"go car\"—using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 413)

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temperament

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a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 102)

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temporal lobes

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the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 076)

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teratogens

answer

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

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terror-management theory

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proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 606)

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testosterone

answer

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 130)

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thalamus

answer

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

AP Psychology G13

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