AP Psychology, Chapter 14 Study Guide questions – Flashcards
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Type A
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Researchers Friedman and Rosenman refer to individuals who are very time-conscious, super-motivated, verbally aggressive, and easily angered as:
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promote the buildup of plaques on the artery walls
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One effect of stress hormones is to:
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psychophysiological
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Genuine illnesses that are caused by stress are called ____ illnesses.
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cancer, progressing from HIV to AIDS, bacterial infections
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Stress has been demonstrated to place a person at increased risk of:
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the process by which we perceive and respond to challenging or threatening events
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Stress is defined as:
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controlled
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In one experiment, both "executive" rates and "subordinate" rats received identical electric shocks, the only difference being whether the shocks could be:
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had a defective gene for producing leptin, a fat-detecting hormone
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In studies of obese mice, researchers have found that some mice:
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problem-focused coping
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Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing a stressor or how we interact with it is an example of:
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became physiologically more relaxed after confiding their problem
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A study in which people were asked to confide troubling feelings to an experimenter found that participants typically:
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social; biological
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Research suggests that ____ influences often lead a person to start smoking, whereas _____ influences become important in explaining why people continue to smoke.
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the body weight of adoptees correlates with that of their biological parents
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Research on genetic influences on obesity reveals that:
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exercise improves functioning of the immune system
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Which of the following was not mentioned in the text as a potential health benefit of exercise?
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depression, anxiety, sleeplessness
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Research studies demonstrate that after a catastrophe rates of ___ often increase.
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sweet water alone triggered immune suppression
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In one study, laboratory rats drank sweetened water with a drug that causes immune suppression. After repeated pairings of the taste with the drug:
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usually increases
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Social support _____ our ability to cope with stressful events.
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an exchange of blood or semen
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The AIDS virus is transmitted primarily by:
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rivals nonsmoking and exercise
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Research has demonstrated that as a predictor of health and longetivity, religious involvement:
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the prevention of illness, the promotion of health, the treatment of illness
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The field of health psychology is concerned with:
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alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion
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In order, the sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome is:
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immune system
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AIDS is a disorder that causes a breakdown in the body's:
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an alternative to the "fight-or-flight" response that may be more common in women
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"Tend and befriend" refers to:
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when stressed, type A persons show greater output of stress hormones than type B persons
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Which of the following statements concerning Type A and B persons is true?
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behavior
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According to the text, one-half of all deaths from the 10 leading causes of death in the United States can be attributed to:
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B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes
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The disease- and infection-fighting cells of the immune system are:
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suppress the immune system
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One effect of stress on the body is to:
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have stronger immune systems, are less susceptible to infections, are more susceptible to self-attacking diseases such as multiple sclerosis
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Compared to men, women:
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increase; suppressed
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In response to uncontrollable shock, levels of stress hormones _____ and immune responses are ______.
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an overreactive immune system
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Allergic reactions and arthritis are caused by:
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stress affects the growth of cancer cells by weakening the body's natural resources, patients' attitudes can influence their rate of recovery, cancer occurs slightly more often than usual among those widowed, divorced, or separated
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Research on cancer patients reveals that:
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anger
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The component of Type A behavior that is the most predictive of coronary disease is:
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most participants eventually resume smoking
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Which of the following is true concerning smoking treatment programs?
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a person is given sensory feedback for a subtle body response, biological functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system may come under conscious control, the accompanying relaxation is much the same as that produced by other, simpler methods of relaxation
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During biofeedback training:
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once fat cells are acquired they are never lost, no matter how rigorously one diets
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Research on obesity indicates that:
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genetic predisposition, childhood eating patterns, adulthood eating patterns
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The number of fat cells a person has is influenced by:
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cigarettes serve as powerful reinforcers
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Which of the following was offered in the text as a reason people continue to smoke?
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emerged in our prehistoric ancestors as an adaptive response to alternating periods of feast and famine
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The tendency to overeat when food is plentiful:
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because they are more affluent, religiously active people receive better health care
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Which of the following was not suggested as a possible explanation of the "faith factor" in health?
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complementary and alternative medicine
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Acupuncture, aromatherapy, and homeopathy are forms of:
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obese people tend to lack willpower
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Which of the following is not necessarily a reason that obese people have trouble losing weight?
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when a person diets, metabolism decreases
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After an initial rapid weight loss, a person on a diet loses weight much more slowly. This slowdown occurs because:
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historically, religion and medicine joined hands in caring for the sick; most Americans believe that spirituality and religion are related to health; people who attend religious services weekly have healthier life-styles
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Concluding her presentation on spirituality and health, Maja notes that:
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increased circulation to extremities
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Malcom's report on the effects of nicotine mentions each of the following except:
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emotion-focused coping
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Ricardo has been unable to resolve a stressful relationship with a family member. To cope, he turns to a close friend for social support. Ricardo's coping strategy is an example of:
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"In order to treat yourself to one 'normal' meal each day, eat very little until the evening meal"
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Which of the following would be the worst piece of advice to offer to someone trying to lose weight?
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exhaustion; general adaptation syndrome
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Each semester, Bob does not start studying until just before midterms. Then he is forced to work around the clock until after final exams, which makes him sick, probably because he is in the ___ phase of the ____.
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how they appraise the events of life
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Connie complains to the campus psychologist that she has too much stress in her life. The psychologist tells her that the level of stress people experience depends primarily on:
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managing rather than coping
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To help him deal with a stressful schedule of classes, work, and studying Randy turns to a regular program of exercise and relaxation training. Randy's strategy is an example of:
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Kyumi
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Karen and Kyumi are taking the same course with different instructors. Karen's instructor quizzes every Friday, while Kyumi's instructor gives the same number of quizzes on an unpredictable schedule. Assuming that their instructors are equally difficult, and that the two students tend to perceive exam stress in the same way, which student is probably under more stress?
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Type B
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Jill is an easygoing, noncompetitive person who is happy in her job and enjoys her leisure time. She would probably be classified as:
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a T lymphocyte
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A white blood cell that is formed in the thymus and that attacks cancer cells is:
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during exam weeks
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When would you expect that your immune responses would be weakest?
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"Maintain a sense of control and a positive approach to life."
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Which of the following would be the best piece of advice to offer a person who is trying to minimize the adverse effects of stress on his or her health?
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nicotine
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I am a widely abused drug that has a calming effect by stimulating the release of dopamine in the central nervous system. What am I?
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their set points, their metabolic rates
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Kenny and his brother have nearly identical eating and exercise habits, yet Kenny is obese and his brother is very thin. The most likely explanation for the difference in their body weights is that they differ in:
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behavioral medicine
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Dr. Williams, who conducts smoking cessation clinics, explains to his clients that smoking is best understood as an interaction of psychological, biological, and social influences. Dr. Williams is working within the ______ perspective.
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psychophysiological
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Philip's physician prescribes a stress management program to help Philip control his headaches. The physician has apparently diagnosed Philip's condition as a ____ illness.
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using role-playing to teach him refusal techniques to counteract peer pressure to smoke
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Camelia is worried that her 12-year-old son might begin smoking because many of his classmates do. According to the text, Camelia can most effectively help her son not begin smoking by:
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believing that you have some control over your environment, being able to predict when stressful events will occur, feeling optimistic that you will eventually adjust to your new surroundings
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You have just transferred to a new campus and find yourself in a potentially stressful environment. According to the text, which of the following would help you cope with the stress?
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arthritis is a cyclical disease that often improves on its own
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Andrew, who is convinced that an expensive herbal remedy "cured" his arthritis, has decided to turn to homeopathy and herbal medicine for all of his health care. You caution him by pointing out that:
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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Greg stays up all night during finals week studying for exams. As the week progresses, his muscles tighten and he develops a stiff neck. By the last day of finals, he is taking more frequent breaks, leaning back in the desk chair, and staring off into space. he arrives for the last test with a sore throat and headache. Which of the following best describes Greg's reponse to stress?
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Amygdala
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Which of the following structures of the brain has been linked with the flight or flight response?
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emotion-focused coping
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attempting to deal with stress by avoiding or ignoring the stressor
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stressor
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Appraised as a "threat" or "challenged"
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problem-focused coping
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attempting to deal with stress by changing how we interact with the stressor
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psychophysiological illness
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Headaches and hypertension can be an example of this
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