AP Psychology Chapter 14: Stress and Health – Flashcards
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stress
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the PROCESS by which we preceive and respond to events that we appraise as threatening or challenging; how we cope with them;
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stress response 1
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sympathetic nervous system triggers release of epinephrine, and norepinephrine, increases heart rate, increased respiration, slows digestion, blood to skeletal muscles, releases glucose. (fight or flight)
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stress response 2
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cerebral cortex demands (via hypothalamus & pituitary gland): adrenal glands secrete glucocorticoid-stress hormones like cortisol.
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
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alarm reaction
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phase 1 of GAS; sudden activation sympathetic nervous system; mobilize resources.
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resistance
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phase 2 of GAS; stress resistance remains because of continued sympathetic nervous system functions; cope with stressor
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exhaustion
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phase 3 of GAS; reserves depleted; body cannot fight off stress any longer
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telomeres
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shorter bits of DNA at the end of chromosomes; when they become too short they can no longer replicate; stress speeds up this process
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Coronary Heart Disease
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clogging of vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in many developed countries; can be caused by hypertension, smoking, obesity, family history, hi-fat diet, physical inactivity, elevated cholesterol level and stress.
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Type A
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Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive and anger prone people.
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Type B
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Friedman and Rosenmans's term for easy going, relaxed people.
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what prolonged stress causes
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shrunken hippocampus, coronary heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lung disease, depleted immune system, high blood pressure.
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lymphocytes
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two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system
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B lymphocytes
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form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections.
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T lymphocytes
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form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses and foreign cells
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macrophage
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immune system agent that identifies, persues and ingests harmful invaders.
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psychophysiological illness
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"mind-body" illness; any stress related physical illness such as hypertension and headaches.
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cope
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alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods
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problem-focused coping
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attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with it. (used when we feel we have a sense of control over a situation)
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emotion-focused coping
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alleviating stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs realted to one's stress reation.
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aerobic exercise
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sustained exercies that increases heart and lung fitness; can alleviate depression and anxiety
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biofeedback
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a system for electrically recording, amplifying and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state such as blood pressure or muscle tension; can help a person learn how to control a physiological response.
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