AP Psychology Ch. 11 – Flashcards
98 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 98question
do not
answer
Psychologists (do/do not) agree on a definition of intelligence
Unlock the answer
question
Reification
answer
to regard an abstract concept as a concrete entity
Unlock the answer
question
Intelligence
answer
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Unlock the answer
question
General; specific
answer
one controversy regarding the nature of intelligence centers on whether intelligence is one ___ ability or several ____ abilities
Unlock the answer
question
Factor Ananlysis
answer
the statistical procedure used to identify groups of items that appear to measure a common ability
Unlock the answer
question
general intelligence
answer
Charles Spearman believed that a factor called g, or _____, runs through the more specific aspects of intelligence
Unlock the answer
question
L.L. Thurstone; primary mental abilities
answer
Opposing Spearman (who believed in general intelligence), ____ identified eight clusters of ______
Unlock the answer
question
Savant Syndrome
answer
A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
Unlock the answer
question
Multiple intelligences
answer
Howard Gardner proposes that there are _____, each independent of the others.
Unlock the answer
question
physical; verbal; reasoning
answer
People with mental disadvantages often have lesser ____ abilities as well, and that some abilities, such as ____ and ____ skills, are more crucial than others. This opposes Gardner's idea
Unlock the answer
question
Academic, practical, and creative
answer
the 3 types of intelligence distinguished by Sternberg and Wagner
Unlock the answer
question
Academic and social
answer
the types of intelligence distinguished by Cantor and Kihlstrom
Unlock the answer
question
Emotional intelligence
answer
A critical part of social intelligence. This type of intelligence includes the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use our different feelings
Unlock the answer
question
Brain size
answer
The phrenologist Franz Gall attempted to link intelligence to ____
Unlock the answer
question
Small; positive
answer
Modern studies reveal a (large/small) (positive/negative) correlation between head size relative to body size and intelligence scores
Unlock the answer
question
more
answer
Newer studies that measure brain volume using MRI scans reveal a (more/less) significant correlation between brain size and intelligence scores.
Unlock the answer
question
parietal; mathematical; spatial
answer
A recent study of Einstein's brain revealed that it was 15% larger in the lower ____ lobe- which is known to be an important neural center for processing _____ and _____ information
Unlock the answer
question
aptitude tests
answer
Designed to predict future performance. They measure your capacity to learn new information, rather than measuring what you already know.
Unlock the answer
question
achievement tests
answer
Designed to measure a student's knowledge or profiency in something that has been taught or learned; used in a variety of subjects and levels.
Unlock the answer
question
Wechsler adult intelligence scale
answer
the most widely used intelligence test
Unlock the answer
question
reliability, validity, and standardization
answer
Three requirements of a good test
Unlock the answer
question
Standardization
answer
the process of defining meaningful scores relative to a pretested comparison group
Unlock the answer
question
Normal
answer
when scores on a test are compiled, they generally result in a bell-shaped pattern, or ____ distribution
Unlock the answer
question
are; 100
answer
The Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales (are/are not) periodically restandardized, thereby keeping the average score near 100
Unlock the answer
question
decline; improved
answer
During the 1960s and 1970s, college entrance aptitude scores showed a steady (increase/decline). At the same time, intelligence test performance (improved/decreased)
Unlock the answer
question
Flynn Effect
answer
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
Unlock the answer
question
Test-retest
answer
When a test is administered more than once to the same people, the psychologist is determining its ________ reliability
Unlock the answer
question
Split-half reliability
answer
A test is divided into 2 halves and scores on the halves are compared to see if test is consistent within itself. Ex. compare odds & evens
Unlock the answer
question
+0.9
answer
The Stanford-Binet, WAIS, and WISC have reliabilities of about _____
Unlock the answer
question
Validity
answer
the degree to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to is referred to as the test's _____
Unlock the answer
question
Content Validity
answer
The degree to which a test measures the behavior it was designed to measure
Unlock the answer
question
Predictive validity
answer
The degree to which a test predicts future performance of a particular behavior (called the test's criterion)
Unlock the answer
question
is not; diminishes
answer
Generally speaking, the predictive validity of general aptitude tests (is/is not) as high as their reliability. The predictive validity of these tests (increases/diminishes) as individuals move up the educational ladder
Unlock the answer
question
Higher
answer
2-7 month old infants who quickly become bored when looking at a picture score (higher/lower) on tests of brain speed and intelligence up to 11 years later
Unlock the answer
question
3
answer
Traditional intelligence tests before age ___ generally do not predict future scores
Unlock the answer
question
increases
answer
During childhood, the stability of intelligence scores (increases/decreases) with age.
Unlock the answer
question
extremely
answer
By late adolescence, intelligence scores are (extremely/not very) stable
Unlock the answer
question
mentally retarded
answer
Individuals whose intelligence scores fall below 70 and who have difficulty adapting to life may be labeled as _____. This label applies to 1% of the populatio
Unlock the answer
question
Down Syndrome
answer
Severe retardation with a physical basis. This is a genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome
Unlock the answer
question
Generally accepted
answer
The position that both heredity and environment exert some influence on intelligence is (controversial/generally accepted) among psychologists
Unlock the answer
question
More
answer
The intelligence scores of identical twins reared together are (more/no more/less) similar than those of fraternal twins
Unlock the answer
question
6
answer
A gene located on chromosome number ___ may occur more often in children with very high intelligence scores than those with average scores
Unlock the answer
question
more; biological; adoptive
answer
Studies of adopted children and their adoptive and biological families demonstrate that with age, genetic influences on intelligence become (more/less) apparent. Children's intelligence scores are more like those of their (biological/adoptive) parents than their (biological/adoptive) parents
Unlock the answer
question
heritability
answer
The amount of variation in a trait within a group that is attributed to genetic factors. For intelligence, this has been estimated at 50-75%
Unlock the answer
question
do
answer
Studies indicate that neglected children (do/do not) show signs of recovery in intelligence and behavior when placed in more nurturing environments
Unlock the answer
question
rise; fall
answer
intelligence scores (rise/fall/remain stable) during the school year and (rise/fall/remain stable) over the summer.
Unlock the answer
question
environmental
answer
Research evidence suggests that group differences in intelligence may be entirely (genetic/environmental)
Unlock the answer
question
do not; greater than
answer
Group differences in intelligence scores (do/do not) provide an accurate basis for judging individuals. Individual differences within a race are (greater than/less than) between-race differences
Unlock the answer
question
about the same as
answer
On an infant intelligence measure, black infants scored (lower than/higher than/about the same as) white infants
Unlock the answer
question
greater
answer
Gender similarities in math and verbal ability are (smaller/greater) than gender differences.
Unlock the answer
question
Spelling; verbally
answer
Girls tend to outscore boys on ___ tests and are more ___ fluent
Unlock the answer
question
computation; problem solving
answer
Although girls have an edge in math ____, boys score higher in math _____
Unlock the answer
question
mental rotation
answer
Boys tend to outscore girls on tests of _____
Unlock the answer
question
male sex hormones
answer
There is evidence that spatial abilities are enhanced by high levels of _____
Unlock the answer
question
decreasing; social
answer
the gender gap in math is (increasing/decreasing/remaining steady), perhaps because ____ expectations for boys and girls are changing
Unlock the answer
question
are
answer
In the sense that they detect differences caused by cultural experiences, intelligence tests probably (are/are not) biased
Unlock the answer
question
are not
answer
most psychologists agree that, in terms of predictive validity, the major aptitude tests (are/are not) racially biased
Unlock the answer
question
intelligence tests
answer
tests for assessing a person's mental abilities and comparing them with the abilities of other people
Unlock the answer
question
Binet
answer
who began assessing intellectual abilities in children??
Unlock the answer
question
mental age
answer
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to given level of performance. (Binet)
Unlock the answer
question
Standford-Binet
answer
the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford Univ.) of Binet's original intelligence test now made for ADULTS.
Unlock the answer
question
IQ
answer
DEFINED ORGINALLY AS THE RATIO OF MENTAL AGE TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE MULTIPLIED BY 100. ON CONTEMPORARY INTELLIGENCE TESTS, THE AVERAGE PERFORMANCE FOR A GIVEN AGE IS A SCORE OF100
Unlock the answer
question
85;115
answer
2/3 of people score between ___ and ____ in the IQ test
Unlock the answer
question
reification
answer
Giving an abstract concept a name and then treating it as though it were a concrete, tangible object.
Unlock the answer
question
intelligence
answer
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problem, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Unlock the answer
question
factor analysis
answer
a statistical procedure that identifies cluster of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score. - Charles spearman
Unlock the answer
question
general intelligence (g)
answer
a general intelligence factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on the intelligence test
Unlock the answer
question
savant syndrome
answer
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill. such as in computation or drawing. Many are also diagnosed with autism, which mostly afflicts males
Unlock the answer
question
Gardner
answer
Who said we do not have an intelligence (singular), but instead we have MULTIPLE intelligences?
Unlock the answer
question
Robert Sternberg
answer
Who distinguishes more simply among 3 aspects of intelligence, 1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)
Unlock the answer
question
social intelligence
answer
the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Unlock the answer
question
emotional intelligence
answer
Ability to be aware of one's emotions, regulate one's emotions, and accurately read the emotions of others.
Unlock the answer
question
MEIS
answer
multifactor emotional intelligence scale to asses both overall emotional intelligence and its three components. The items assess the test taker's ability to -perceive emotions -understand emotions -regulate emotions
Unlock the answer
question
creativity
answer
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Unlock the answer
question
aptitude test
answer
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to lear. ex: ACT test
Unlock the answer
question
achievement test
answer
a test designed to assess what a person ahas learned ex: exams covering what you have learned in this chapter
Unlock the answer
question
WAIS (Wchsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
answer
the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests -11 subttests
Unlock the answer
question
WISC
answer
widely used intelligence test for children that contains verbal and performance subtests.
Unlock the answer
question
standardization
answer
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested "standardization group"
Unlock the answer
question
normal curve
answer
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
Unlock the answer
question
Flynn Effect
answer
A worldwide increase in IQ scores over the last several decades, at a rate of about 3 points per decade
Unlock the answer
question
reliability
answer
the extent to which a test yields consisted results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
Unlock the answer
question
validity
answer
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Unlock the answer
question
content validity
answer
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest ex: driver's test
Unlock the answer
question
criterion
answer
the behavior that a test is design to predict; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity.
Unlock the answer
question
predictive validity
answer
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assed by computing ht correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
Unlock the answer
question
True
answer
True or False: Children 2 to 7 months old who quickly grow bored with a picture- who given a choice, prefer to look at a new one- score higher on test of brain sped and intelligence up to 11 years. This is particularly used to help identify children likely to be extremely below or above average
Unlock the answer
question
mental retardation
answer
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score below 70 and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound
Unlock the answer
question
down syndrome
answer
a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup
Unlock the answer
question
heredity
answer
Passing of traits from parent to offspring
Unlock the answer
question
girls
answer
who are better spellers
Unlock the answer
question
girls
answer
who are more verbally fluent, sensitive to touch, taste, and odor; and more capable of remember words and the location objects
Unlock the answer
question
girls
answer
who is better at math computation?
Unlock the answer
question
boys
answer
who is better at math problem solving
Unlock the answer
