AP Psychology Ch. 11 – Flashcards
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Intelligence tests
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tests that assess a person's mental capacities and compare them to others', using numerical scores
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Alfred Binet
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The French psychologist who devised a test to predict the success of children is school
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Stanfored-Binet test; intelligence quotient
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Lewis Terman's revision of binet's test. This test enables one to derive a(n) _________ for an individual
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A mental ability score; the same; 100
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Today's tests compute (IQ/a mental ability score) by comparing the individual's performance to the average performance of people of (the same/different) ages. These tests are designed so that a score of _____ is considered average
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do not
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Psychologists (do/do not) agree on a definition of intelligence
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Reification
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to regard an abstract concept as a concrete entity
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Intelligence
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the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
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General; specific
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one controversy regarding the nature of intelligence centers on whether intelligence is one ___ ability or several ____ abilities
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Factor Ananlysis
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the statistical procedure used to identify groups of items that appear to measure a common ability
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general intelligence
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Charles Spearman believed that a factor called g, or _____, runs through the more specific aspects of intelligence
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L.L. Thurstone; primary mental abilities
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Opposing Spearman (who believed in general intelligence), ____ identified eight clusters of ______
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Savant Syndrome
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A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
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Multiple intelligences
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Howard Gardner proposes that there are _____, each independent of the others.
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physical; verbal; reasoning
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People with mental disadvantages often have lesser ____ abilities as well, and that some abilities, such as ____ and ____ skills, are more crucial than others. This opposes Gardner's idea
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Academic, practical, and creative
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the 3 types of intelligence distinguished by Sternberg and Wagner
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Academic and social
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the types of intelligence distinguished by Cantor and Kihlstrom
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Emotional intelligence
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A critical part of social intelligence. This type of intelligence includes the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use our different feelings
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Brain size
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The phrenologist Franz Gall attempted to link intelligence to ____
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Small; positive
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Modern studies reveal a (large/small) (positive/negative) correlation between head size relative to body size and intelligence scores
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more
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Newer studies that measure brain volume using MRI scans reveal a (more/less) significant correlation between brain size and intelligence scores.
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parietal; mathematical; spatial
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A recent study of Einstein's brain revealed that it was 15% larger in the lower ____ lobe- which is known to be an important neural center for processing _____ and _____ information
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aptitude tests
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Designed to predict future performance. They measure your capacity to learn new information, rather than measuring what you already know.
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achievement tests
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Designed to measure a student's knowledge or profiency in something that has been taught or learned; used in a variety of subjects and levels.
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Wechsler adult intelligence scale
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the most widely used intelligence test
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reliability, validity, and standardization
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Three requirements of a good test
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Standardization
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the process of defining meaningful scores relative to a pretested comparison group
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Normal
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when scores on a test are compiled, they generally result in a bell-shaped pattern, or ____ distribution
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are; 100
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The Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales (are/are not) periodically restandardized, thereby keeping the average score near 100
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decline; improved
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During the 1960s and 1970s, college entrance aptitude scores showed a steady (increase/decline). At the same time, intelligence test performance (improved/decreased)
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Flynn Effect
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The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
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Test-retest
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When a test is administered more than once to the same people, the psychologist is determining its ________ reliability
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Split-half reliability
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A test is divided into 2 halves and scores on the halves are compared to see if test is consistent within itself. Ex. compare odds & evens
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+0.9
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The Stanford-Binet, WAIS, and WISC have reliabilities of about _____
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Validity
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the degree to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to is referred to as the test's _____
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Content Validity
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The degree to which a test measures the behavior it was designed to measure
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Predictive validity
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The degree to which a test predicts future performance of a particular behavior (called the test's criterion)
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is not; diminishes
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Generally speaking, the predictive validity of general aptitude tests (is/is not) as high as their reliability. The predictive validity of these tests (increases/diminishes) as individuals move up the educational ladder
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Higher
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2-7 month old infants who quickly become bored when looking at a picture score (higher/lower) on tests of brain speed and intelligence up to 11 years later
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3
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Traditional intelligence tests before age ___ generally do not predict future scores
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increases
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During childhood, the stability of intelligence scores (increases/decreases) with age.
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extremely
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By late adolescence, intelligence scores are (extremely/not very) stable
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mentally retarded
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Individuals whose intelligence scores fall below 70 and who have difficulty adapting to life may be labeled as _____. This label applies to 1% of the populatio
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Down Syndrome
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Severe retardation with a physical basis. This is a genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome
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Generally accepted
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The position that both heredity and environment exert some influence on intelligence is (controversial/generally accepted) among psychologists
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More
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The intelligence scores of identical twins reared together are (more/no more/less) similar than those of fraternal twins
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6
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A gene located on chromosome number ___ may occur more often in children with very high intelligence scores than those with average scores
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more; biological; adoptive
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Studies of adopted children and their adoptive and biological families demonstrate that with age, genetic influences on intelligence become (more/less) apparent. Children's intelligence scores are more like those of their (biological/adoptive) parents than their (biological/adoptive) parents
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heritability
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The amount of variation in a trait within a group that is attributed to genetic factors. For intelligence, this has been estimated at 50-75%
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do
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Studies indicate that neglected children (do/do not) show signs of recovery in intelligence and behavior when placed in more nurturing environments
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rise; fall
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intelligence scores (rise/fall/remain stable) during the school year and (rise/fall/remain stable) over the summer.
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environmental
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Research evidence suggests that group differences in intelligence may be entirely (genetic/environmental)
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do not; greater than
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Group differences in intelligence scores (do/do not) provide an accurate basis for judging individuals. Individual differences within a race are (greater than/less than) between-race differences
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about the same as
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On an infant intelligence measure, black infants scored (lower than/higher than/about the same as) white infants
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greater
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Gender similarities in math and verbal ability are (smaller/greater) than gender differences.
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Spelling; verbally
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Girls tend to outscore boys on ___ tests and are more ___ fluent
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computation; problem solving
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Although girls have an edge in math ____, boys score higher in math _____
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mental rotation
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Boys tend to outscore girls on tests of _____
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male sex hormones
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There is evidence that spatial abilities are enhanced by high levels of _____
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decreasing; social
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the gender gap in math is (increasing/decreasing/remaining steady), perhaps because ____ expectations for boys and girls are changing
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are
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In the sense that they detect differences caused by cultural experiences, intelligence tests probably (are/are not) biased
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are not
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most psychologists agree that, in terms of predictive validity, the major aptitude tests (are/are not) racially biased
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intelligence tests
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tests for assessing a person's mental abilities and comparing them with the abilities of other people
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Binet
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who began assessing intellectual abilities in children??
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mental age
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a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to given level of performance. (Binet)
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Standford-Binet
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the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford Univ.) of Binet's original intelligence test now made for ADULTS.
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IQ
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DEFINED ORGINALLY AS THE RATIO OF MENTAL AGE TO CHRONOLOGICAL AGE MULTIPLIED BY 100. ON CONTEMPORARY INTELLIGENCE TESTS, THE AVERAGE PERFORMANCE FOR A GIVEN AGE IS A SCORE OF100
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85;115
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2/3 of people score between ___ and ____ in the IQ test
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reification
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Giving an abstract concept a name and then treating it as though it were a concrete, tangible object.
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intelligence
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mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problem, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
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factor analysis
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a statistical procedure that identifies cluster of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score. - Charles spearman
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general intelligence (g)
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a general intelligence factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on the intelligence test
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savant syndrome
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a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill. such as in computation or drawing. Many are also diagnosed with autism, which mostly afflicts males
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Gardner
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Who said we do not have an intelligence (singular), but instead we have MULTIPLE intelligences?
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Robert Sternberg
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Who distinguishes more simply among 3 aspects of intelligence, 1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)
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social intelligence
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the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
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emotional intelligence
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Ability to be aware of one's emotions, regulate one's emotions, and accurately read the emotions of others.
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MEIS
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multifactor emotional intelligence scale to asses both overall emotional intelligence and its three components. The items assess the test taker's ability to -perceive emotions -understand emotions -regulate emotions
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creativity
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the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
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aptitude test
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a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to lear. ex: ACT test
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achievement test
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a test designed to assess what a person ahas learned ex: exams covering what you have learned in this chapter
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WAIS (Wchsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
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the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests -11 subttests
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WISC
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widely used intelligence test for children that contains verbal and performance subtests.
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standardization
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defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested "standardization group"
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normal curve
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the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
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Flynn Effect
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A worldwide increase in IQ scores over the last several decades, at a rate of about 3 points per decade
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reliability
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the extent to which a test yields consisted results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
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validity
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the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
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content validity
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the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest ex: driver's test
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criterion
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the behavior that a test is design to predict; thus, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity.
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predictive validity
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the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assed by computing ht correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
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True
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True or False: Children 2 to 7 months old who quickly grow bored with a picture- who given a choice, prefer to look at a new one- score higher on test of brain sped and intelligence up to 11 years. This is particularly used to help identify children likely to be extremely below or above average
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mental retardation
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a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score below 70 and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound
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down syndrome
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a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup
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heredity
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Passing of traits from parent to offspring
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girls
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who are better spellers
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girls
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who are more verbally fluent, sensitive to touch, taste, and odor; and more capable of remember words and the location objects
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girls
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who is better at math computation?
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boys
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who is better at math problem solving
