AP Psych Unit 3 – Flashcards

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Enables muscle action, learning and memory. Alzheimer's disease if ______ deteriorates.
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Acetylcholine (ACH)
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Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Excess leads to schizophrenia and decreased leads to Parkinson's.
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Dopamine
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Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. Undersupply linked to depression. Prozac drugs raise ______ levels.
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Serotonin
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Helps control alertness and arousal. Undersupply can depress mood.
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Norepinephrine
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Major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors and insomnia.
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GABA
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Major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved with memory. Oversupply produces migraines or seizures.
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Glutamate
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Released in response to pain or exercise. Pain control. Neurotransmitter that allows bear to hibernate.
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Endorphins
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Cells that produce myelin.
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Schwann Cells
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Passes messages away from cell body
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Axon
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Cells life support center
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Cell Body
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Receives messages from other cells
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Dendrites
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Sends messages to other cells
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Axon Terminals
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Gap in myelin sheath where AP occures
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Node of Ranvier
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Organelle in cell body; contains genetic info
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Nucleus
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Covers axon; speeds up neural messages
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Myelin Sheath
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Fluid interior of a resting axon has an excess of negatively charged icons, while the fluid outside the axon membrane has more positively charged ions.
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Resting Potential
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Axons surface is selective about what it lets in.
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Selective Permeable
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Excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity
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Threshold
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Happens when positive ions flood in, which sends an electrical charge down the axon
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Action Potential
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Positively charged ions are pumped back outside
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Refractory period
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Sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitter
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Reuptake
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Molecule may be similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind its receptor site and mimic its effects (starts the firing)
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Protagonist
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Bind to receptors but their effects instead block a neurotransmitters functioning (stops the firing)
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Antagonist
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Controls heart rate and breathing
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Medulla
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Sensory switchboard
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Thalamus
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Coordinates voluntary movement
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Cerebellum
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Influences aggression and fear
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Amygdala
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Processes memory
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Hippocampus
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Influences hunger, regulates thirst, body temperature and sexual behavior
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Hypothalamus
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Actions such as awake/sleep cycle; alertness/arousal
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Reticular Formation
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Receives sensory input for touch (pressure, pain, heat) and body position
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Parietal Lobe
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Receives visual field information
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Occipital Lobe
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Involved in speaking, making plans and muscle movements
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Frontal Lobe
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Controls language reception, involved in comprehension
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Wernicke Area
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Controls language expression and directs muscle movements involved in speech
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Broca Area
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Lapses into a coma
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What happens if you sever a cats reticular formation?
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Hypothalamus
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What brain structure provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
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Broca's area
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What brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech?
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Sensing touch; seeing
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Parietal loves are to _____ as the occipital lobes are to ______.
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Occipital Lobes
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Which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo?
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Angular Gyrus
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What brain area is primarily involved with reading aloud?
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Seeing; hearing
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Occipital Lobes are to _____ as the temporal lobes are to ______.
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Parietal
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Which lobe of the brain receives input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?
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Hippocampus
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What part of the limbic system plays a role in the processing of new memories?
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Motor cortex
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An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements is called ...
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Medulla
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Your life would be immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the...
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Breathing; walking
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Medulla is to the control of ______ as the cerebellum is to the control of _____.
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Pons
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What structure of the brain stem helps coordinates movements and lies above the medulla?
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Amygdala
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What part of the limbic system plays a role in emotions such as aggression and fear?
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Thalamus
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What brain structure receives information from all senses except smell?
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Reticular Formation
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Which region of your brain stem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name?
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Cerebral cortex
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Thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called
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Wernicke's Area
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Which brain area is primarily involved with understanding and producing meaningful speech?
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Selectively permeable
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When a neuron is resting and doesn't allow positive sodium ions to pass through
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Protagonist
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When a drug mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
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Antagonist
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When a drug prevents a neuron from firing
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Myelin Sheath
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What speeds up the neural transmission of a neuron?
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Reuptake inhibitor
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Type of drug that prevents the sending neuron from reabsorbing excess neurotransmitters
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Sympathetic
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Part of our nervous system that prepares our body for fight or flight
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Sensory nueron
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Type of neuron that sends information from our eyes to our brain
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ACH
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Lack of this can cause Alzheimer's
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Dendrites
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Part of the neuron that receives information from a sending neuron
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Synapse
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The space between a sending and receiving nueron
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Threshold
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Minimum level of stimulation needed for a neuron to fire
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Glial cells
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Provide life-supporting nutrients to nerve cells
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Mobilizes energy in stress situations. Raises blood sugar, speeds up heartbeat and stops digestion system.
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What happens to our body when the sympathetic nervous system kicks in?
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Decreases heartbeat, lowers blood sugar, starts digestion system up again.
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What happens when the parasympathetic nervous system calms us down?
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Serotonin
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Lack of this neutransmitter can lead to depression
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Dopamine
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Lack of this neurotransmitter can lead to Parkinson's disease
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Sleep, movement, neuron activity in check.
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What is GABA responsible for?
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Peripheral nervous system
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The somatic nervous system is a part of the
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Autonomic nervous system
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The sympathetic and parasympathetic make up the
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right
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What hemispheres help us understand optical illusions?
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Right
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Which hemisphere is responsible for facial recognition?
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Medulla
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Part of your brain that controls breathing and heartbeat
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Cerebllum
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Part of your brain that controls working and balance
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EEG
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Brain scan the doctor would use to study brain waves during sleep
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Cerebral cortex
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Thin layer of neural cells that cover the cerebrum
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Laterialisation
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Hemispheric specialization is also known as
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PET scan
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Brain scan that shows the concentration of glucose in active brain refions
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fMRI
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Brain scan that would help you determine which areas of the brain are active during specific tasks
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Lips, because of all the muscular functions involved.
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What occupied a larger area on my sensory cortex? Lips or knee? Why?
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Left
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Which hemisphere is largely responsible for speech?
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Brainstem
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What brain region is the oldest?
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Limbic system (Cerebral cortex)
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What brain region is the newest?
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Frontal lobe. His whole personality changed, and his mannerisms.
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Phineas Gage showed damage to what area of the brain? How do you know?
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Brain plasticity
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A blind persons sense of touch can invade their visual cortex, what is this an example of?
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Angular gyrus
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This is damaged if I can't read aloud.
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Frontal lobe
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Motor cortex is located in the...
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Parietal Lobe
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Sensory cortex is located in the
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Hypothalamus
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Brain structure that works closely with the endocrine system
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Wernicke's Area
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"Mother is with her working for homework donuts yesterday's telephone," is an example of?
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Nice job! You got this. If you need help, think of brain plasticity.
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Name a few split brain limitations.
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Genes and environment
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Nature vs. Nurture is debating the importance of
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Neurogenesis
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Process for forming new neurons in the brain
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46 and 23
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How many chromosomes does a human have? How many does a sperm cell contain?
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Chromosomes
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What's larger, chromosomes or DNA?
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Identical twins have the same genes. Fraternal twins do not have the same genes.
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What is the difference between an identical and fraternal twins?
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Basic building block of the nervous system
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Neuron
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Carry information to muscles and glands
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Motor Neuron
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Carry information to brain and spinal cord
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Sensory neurons
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brain and spinal cord
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CNS
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Sensory and motor neurons
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PNS
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Help arouse the body in stress
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Adrenal Glands
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Impairment of language, caused by left hemisphere damage to broca or wernicke's area
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Asphasia
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Fibers that connect left and right brain
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Split brain
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Simultaneous information is processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
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Dual processing
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Broca's area
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Speaking words
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Angular Gyrus
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Seeing words
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Wernicke's area
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Hearing words
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Sends information from the left half of the visual brain to the right hemisphere. Vice versa.
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Left half of the brain does what (visually)
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