AP Psych Unit 11: Social Psychology – Flashcards
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Social Psychology
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
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Attitude
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feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
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Central Route Persuasion
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attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.
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Peripheral Route Persuasion
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attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.
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Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
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the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
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Role
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a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes.
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Conformity
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adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
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Normative Social Influence
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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
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Informational Social Influence
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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
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Social Facilitation
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stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
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Social Loafing
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
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Deindividuation
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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
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Group Polarization
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the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
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Groupthink
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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
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Culture
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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Norm
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an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior.
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Personal Space
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the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.
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Prejudice
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an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
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Stereotype
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a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
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Discrimination
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(Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
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Ingroup
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"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.
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Outgroup
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"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.
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Scapegoat Theory
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the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
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Other-Race Effect
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the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias
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Just-World Phenomenon
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the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
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Aggression
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physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
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Frustration-Aggression Principle
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the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.
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Mere Exposure Effect
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the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
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Passionate Love
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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
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Companionate Love
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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
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Self-Disclosure
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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
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Altruism
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unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
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Bystander Effect
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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
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Social Exchange Theory
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the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
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Reciprocity
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responding to a positive action with another positive action, rewarding kind actions.
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Mirror-Image Perceptions
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mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
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"Door In The Face" Phenomenon
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compliance technique in which refusal of a large technique in which refusal of a large unreasonable request is followed by a smaller, more reasonable request
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Chameleon Effect
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common phenomenon in which people tend to mimic people around them unconsciously
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Mood Linkage
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efers to the human tendency to absorb and participate in the prevailing mood of the other people around
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Social Identities
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parts of our psychological identity that involve our sense of ourselves as members of particular groups
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Hindsight Bias
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After an event, people often believe that they knew the outcome of the event before it actually happened
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Catharsis Hypothesis
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If you buy a punching bag, or release your aggression by playing Quake, or by screaming, then you will be less violent and aggressive in day-to-day life, having "released" your aggression
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Attraction
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feelings of liking for others, together with having positive thoughts about them and inclinations to act toward them in positive ways
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Theory of Attraction
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people are attracted to those who in some way make them feel good, or are attracted to those who remind them of people that they enjoy being around
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Zimbardo/Stanford Experiment
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A study of the psychological effects of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. Conclusion of the experiment was that people will readily conform to the social roles they are expected to play, especially if the roles are as strongly stereotyped as those of the prison guards
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Milgram Teacher/Student Experiment
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Experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram on obedience in which a teacher is told to administer an electric shock every time the learner makes a mistake, increasing the level of shock each time. Conclusion was that ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being
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Asch Conformity Experiment
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Refers to a series of studies directed by Solomon Asch studying if and how individuals yield to or defy a majority group and the effect of such influences on beliefs and opinions. Conclusion was that apparently, people conform for two main reasons: because they want to fit in with the group (normative influence) and because they believe the group is better informed than they are (informational influence).
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Attribution Theory
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a theory that supposes that one attempts to understand the behavior of others by attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions to them
