question

Developmental Psychology

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-studying our changing abilities from womb to tomb -scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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Educational Psychology

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Study of influences on teaching and learning

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Personality Psychology

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Scientific study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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Social Psychology

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Exploring how we view and affect one another

question

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

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Application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

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Human Factors Psychology

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Study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments

question

Empiricism

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The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

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Experimental Psychology

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The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

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Psychometrics

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Branch of psychology devoted to studying the measurement of our abilities, attitudes, and traits

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Applied Research

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-Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems -studies aimed at solving problems

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Clinical Psychology

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-Assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders -studying, assessing, and treating people with psychological disorders

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Psychology

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-the science of behavior and mental processes -study of the functions of the brain linked with behavior

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Cognitive Neuroscience

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-the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) -studying the cognitive functions of the brain

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Nature-Nurture Issue

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-the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture -debate of how genes and experience affect our traits and behaviors

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Natural Selection

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-the principal that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations -those better adapted to the environment will most likely survive and reproduce

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Levels of Analysis

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-the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon -different views of psychology

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Basic Research

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-pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base -science that helps increase knowledge

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Social-Cultural Approach

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-the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking -how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures -it focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

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Cognitive Approach

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-the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating -how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information -approach that focuses on how we think, with the belief that such thought processes affect the way in which we behave -we focus on the understanding of information and concepts -encompasses memory, thinking, learning, comprehension, motivation, and perception; determines how one feels and behaves

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Behavioral Approach

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-the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning -how we learn observable responses

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Psychodynamic Approach

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-a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders -how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

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Evolutionary Approach

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-the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection -how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes -science that seeks to explain through universal mechanisms of behavior why humans act the way they do

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Biological Approach

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-a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes -how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences -physical point of view. Focuses on how genes combine with the environment to influence individual differences, and how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

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Structuralism

answer

-When someone examines their own thoughts and feeling -an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

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Functionalism

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-Study of how our mind is able to adapt -a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

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Behaviorism

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-study of behavior -the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

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Humanistic Psychology

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-study of someone's potential for growth -historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth

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Biopsy hospital Approach

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-includes social-cultural, psychological, and biological levels of analysis -an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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Counseling Psychology

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-to help people through their problems so they can become better -a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

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Psychiatry

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-medical and psychological therapy for those with psychological disorders -a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

question

In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the

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Science of mental life

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Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed"?

answer

John B. Watson

question

Today, psychology is defined as the

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Science of behavior and mental processes

question

Who introduced the early schools of structuralism?

answer

Edward Titchener

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Who wrote the early textbook Principles of Psychology?

answer

William James

question

Psychologists who study the degree to which our personality are working from the _____ perspective.

answer

Behavior genetics

question

Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior?

answer

The issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior

question

The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is a blank slate at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is

answer

Locke

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Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?

answer

Descartes

question

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the enter action of the brain and body in behavior?

answer

Neuroscience

question

A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attraction differ is working from the _____ perspective.

answer

Social-cultural

question

A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in

answer

Basic research

question

Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called

answer

Clinical psychologists

question

Today, psychology is a discipline that

answer

Connects with a diversity of other fields

question

In order, the sequence of steps in the SQ3R method is

answer

Survey, question, read, review, reflect

question

Psychologists who study how brain activity is linked to memory, perception, and other thought processes are called

answer

Cognitive neuroscientists

question

The first psychology laboratory was established by _____ in the year _____ .

answer

Wundt; 1879

question

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life"?

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

In psychology, behavior is defined as

answer

Any action we can observe and record

question

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with

answer

Humanistic psychology

question

In defining psychology, the text notes that psychology is most accurately described as a

answer

Way of asking and answering questions

question

The historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of

answer

Philosophy and biology

question

The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was

answer

Plato

question

The way we encode, process, store, and retrieve information is the primary concern of the _____ perspective.

answer

Cognitive

question

Which of the following individuals is also a physician?

answer

Psychiatrist

question

Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely a

answer

Developmental psychologist

question

Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace?

answer

Industrial / organizational psychology

question

Dr. Ernest explains behavior in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernest is working from the _____ perspective.

answer

Social-cultural

question

Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses?

answer

Behavioral

question

A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in _____ research.

answer

Applied

question

A major principle underlying the SQ3R study method is that

answer

People learn and remember material best when they actively process it

question

The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes the importance of

answer

Different levels of analysis

question

Psychology is defined as the "science of behavior and mental processes." Wilhelm Wundt would have omitted which of the following words from this definition?

answer

Behavior and

question

Jawan believes that psychologists should go back to using introspection as a research tool. This technique is based on

answer

Self-examination and mental processes

question

Dharma's term paper on the history of American psychology notes that

answer

-psychology began as the science of mental life -from the 1920s into the 1960s, psychology was defined as the scientific study of observable behavior -contemporary psychologists study both overt behavior and covert thoughts

question

Terrence wants to talk to a professional to help him cope with some academic challenges he's facing. You recommend that he contact a(n)

answer

Counseling psychologist

question

Professor Gutierrez, who believes that human emotions are best understood as being jointly determined by heredity, learning, and the individual's social and cultural contexts, is evidently a proponent of the

answer

Biopsychosocial perspective

question

The philosophical view of John Locke are to those of René Desacrtes as _____ is to _____.

answer

Nurture; nature

question

During his presentation on the history of psychology, Sanjay notes that Darwin's theory led mostly to the development of the school of

answer

Functionalism

question

In concluding her report on the "nature-nurture debate in contemporary psychology," Karen notes that

answer

Nurture works on what nature endows

question

Dr. Waung investigates how a person's interpretation of a situation affects his or her reaction. Evidently, Dr. Waung is working from the _____ perspective.

answer

Cognitive

question

Dr. Aswad is studying people's enduring inner traits. Dr. Aswad is most likely a(n)

answer

Personality psychologist

question

The psychological perspective that places the most emphasis on how observable responses are learned is the _____ perspective.

answer

Behavioral

question

During a dinner conversation, a friend says that the cognitive and behavioral perspectives are quite similar. You disagree and point out that the cognitive perspective emphasizes _____, whereas the behavioral perspective emphasizes _____.

answer

Conscious processes; observable responses

question

Concerning the major psychological perspectives on behavior, the text author suggests that

answer

The different perspectives often complement one another; together, they provide a fuller understanding of behavior than provided by any single perspective

question

Your roommate announces that her schedule permits her to devote three hours to studying for an upcoming quiz. You advise her to

answer

Space study time over several short sessions

question

A fraternity brother rationalizes the fact that he spends very little time studying by saying that he "doesn't want to peak too soon and have the test material become stale." You tell him that

answer

-he is probably overestimating his knowledge of the material -if he devotes extra time to studying, his retention of the material will be improved -the more often students review material, the better their exam scores

question

The psychological views of William James are to those of Edward Titchener as _____ is to _____.

answer

Functionalism; structuralism

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