question

The scientific method has been applied to psychological issues for about the last ______ years. ***

answer

100

question

Before psychology was a formal discipline, it was a branch of the general field of ______. ***

answer

Philosophy

question

The history of psychology can be divided into ______ main stages.

answer

Three

question

Each of the following is one of the main stages in the history of psychology EXCEPT ______.

answer

the "humanist revolution"

question

The proper sequence in which the stages in the history of psychology occurred is ______.

answer

the emergence of a science of the mind, the behaviorist decades, the "cognitive revolution"

question

By general agreement, psychology was born when ______.

answer

Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychological laboratory

question

By general agreement, psychology was born in ______.

answer

1879

question

The first psychology laboratory was founded by ______.

answer

Wundt

question

The first psychology laboratory was opened in ______.

answer

1879

question

Wundt was the first ______. ***

answer

psychologist to use an experimental laboratory

question

Wundt's primary experimental interest was ______.

answer

selective attention

question

The process by which we determine what we are going to attend to at any given moment is called ______.

answer

Selective attention

question

Wundt's view of human psychology , that attention is controlled by intentions and motives is known as ______.

answer

Voluntarism

question

The person who moved psychology out of the realm of philosophy and into the world of science was ______.

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

According to Wundt, the mind should be studied ______. ***

answer

objectively and scientifically

question

The person who established the first psychology laboratory in the United States was ______.

answer

G. Stanley Hall

question

Each of the following early psychologists was a student of Wilhelm Wundt EXCEPT

answer

William James

question

A famous student of Wundt's, who later became the leader of American psychology as a professor at Cornell University, was ______.

answer

Titchener

question

Titchener wanted to strip perception of its associations in order to find ______.

answer

the atoms of thought

question

Titchener broke experience down into ______ basic elements.

answer

Three

question

Experience was broken down into three basic elements (physical sensations, feelings, and images) by ______.

answer

Titchener

question

Titchener's basic elements of experience did NOT include ______.

answer

Perceptions

question

A noted scientist argues that experience can be broken down into physical sensations (including sights and sounds), affections or feelings (which are like sensations but less clear), and images (such as memories or dreams). This scientist is MOST likely a follower of ______.

answer

Titchener

question

Structuralism emphasizes ______.

answer

the basic units of experience and their combinations

question

The basic units of experience and their combinations were the foundation of ______.

answer

Structuralism

question

One of structuralism's most important proponents was ______.

answer

Titchener

question

Titchener was a member of the ______ school of thought.

answer

structuralist

question

If you looked at an apple and recognized it because of seeing its round, red shape, with a stem at the top, remembering what other apples had looked like, and remembering that you really like the taste of apples, you would be supporting the ______ school of psychology.

answer

structuralist

question

The idea that consciousness is a continuous flow is central to ______.

answer

functionalism

question

According to James, in real-life experience the atoms of experience (pure sensations without associations) ______. ***

answer

Did not exist

question

A psychologist who adheres to the functionalist school is staring at a banana. Which of the following statements is she MOST likely to make?

answer

I see a banana.

question

A central idea of functionalism is that ______. ***

answer

consciousness is a continuous flow

question

A noted scientist argues that consciousness is a continuous flow, and that perceptions, associations, sensations and emotions cannot be separated. This scientist is MOST likely a follower of ______.

answer

James

question

William James is noted for founding the ______ school of psychology.

answer

functionalist

question

James suggested that when we repeat something several times, ______.

answer

our nervous systems change

question

The theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment is ______ theory.

answer

functionalist

question

James suggested that ______ allow us to benefit from previous experience.

answer

mental associations

question

The ideas that mental associations allow us to benefit from experience, every time we repeat something our nervous systems are changed, and psychology should use subjective introspection to study everyday, true-to- life experiences, are central to ______. ***

answer

Functionalism

question

Of all of psychology's pioneers, the best known and most controversial is ______.

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

Freud was formally trained as a ______.

answer

medical doctor

question

Freud's theories differed radically from the views of his predecessors because of ______.

answer

the emphasis it placed on unconscious processes

question

Freud believed each of the following EXCEPT ______.

answer

the unconscious mind is a dusty, passive warehouse of old experiences and information

question

Freud was the founder of ______.

answer

psychoanalysis

question

Psychoanalysis is MOST closely associated with ______.

answer

Freud

question

For Freud, much of our behavior is controlled by ______. ***

answer

unconscious desires

question

A psychologist claims that hidden motives and unconscious desires are the basis of behavior. This psychologist is MOST likely a(n) ______. ***

answer

psychoanalytic psychologist

question

Personality theories contending that personality results from various psychological forces that interact within the individual, often outside the conscious awareness of the individual, are ______ theories.

answer

Psychodynamic

question

According to Freud, adult problems invariably ______.

answer

result from repressed unconscious conflicts

question

If you were a psychoanalyst trying to understand the reason for your client's problems, which of the following would you be MOST likely to do?

answer

Explore the client's early childhood to find the repressed sources of the client's inner conflicts.

question

A psychologist looks for the source of an adult female's psychological problems by exploring her unconscious childhood sexual desires toward her father. This approach is MOST likely to be supported by ______. ***

answer

Freud

question

Freud's ideas were ______ accepted and in recent years his influence on clinical psychology and psychotherapy has ______.

answer

never fully; declined

question

The primary method of collecting data used by structuralists and functionalist was ______.

answer

introspection

question

Introspection was a method of ______.

answer

self-observation

question

John Watson was the founder of the school of thought that became known as ______. ***

answer

behaviorism

question

The school of thought that became known as behaviorism was founded by ______.

answer

Watson

question

According to Watson, consciousness ______.

answer

can neither be measured nor defined

question

Watson felt that psychologists should study ______.

answer

observable behavior

question

Psychologists should only study observable, measurable behavior, according to ______.

answer

Watson

question

The idea that psychology should be based only on observable, measurable behaviors is central to ______.

answer

behaviorism

question

Watson's views were based on experiments by ______.

answer

Pavlov

question

Which of the following pairs is associated with the earliest development of behaviorism?

answer

Pavlov and Watson

question

Pavlov called his method of training ______.

answer

Conditioning

question

Pavlov intentionally trained his dogs to expect food when they ______.

answer

heard a buzzer

question

A scientist trains dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell by pairing the bell's sound with the presence of food. This technique is called ______.

answer

conditioning

question

Watson argued that an infant is ______.

answer

a tabula rasa

question

Watson's famous conditioning experiment involved a ______.

answer

Child

question

Watson's experiment with Little Albert proved that ______.

answer

people can be conditioned

question

In Watson's famous experiments with Little Albert, he taught Albert to fear a ______.

answer

Rat

question

A boy is taught to fear a rat by pairing the rat with a frightening noise. This is an example of ______.

answer

Conditioning

question

By snapping your fingers just before you blow a gentle puff of air into someone's eyes, causing them to blink, you can teach them to blink to just the sound of your fingers snapping, even when you no longer blow the puff of air. This is an example of ______.

answer

Conditioning

question

Watson taught Little Albert to fear a white rat by pairing the rat with ______.

answer

A frightening noise

question

If Watson's ideas are correct, then when Albert learned to fear the rat (in Watson's famous experiment), he ______.

answer

simply responded to the environment

question

Suppose that Little Albert, now a mature adult, returned to the laboratory of John Watson, the strict behaviorist, to complain of the damage done to him as a child. Which of the following methods would Watson NOT be likely to use in curing Albert of his fear of soft, furry things? ***

answer

Talk to him to get him to discover why he really had this fear

question

A young woman, who was bitten as a child by a Great Dane, is now deathly afraid of all large dogs. If she were to come to the laboratory of John Watson, the strict behaviorist, in hopes of overcoming her fear, which of the following methods would he NOT be likely to use?

answer

Talk to her to get her to discover why she really had this fear

question

If you were a behavioral psychologist trying to help cure the fears of a client of yours, which of the following methods would you be MOST likely to use?

answer

Teach him to relax in the presence of those things of which he was afraid

question

According to Freud, the transfer of emotion from one person or object to another is called ______.

answer

Displacement

question

According to Watson, the transfer of emotion from one person or object to another is called ______.

answer

Generalization

question

A technique in which a fearful stimulus is gradually brought closer while you are doing something pleasant or trying to remain calm and relaxed is known as ______.

answer

desensitization

question

The first person to successfully recondition a little boy to overcome a fear of rabbits was ______.

answer

Mary Cover Jones

question

Like Watson, Skinner believed that psychology should study only ______. ***

answer

Observable behavior

question

Which of the following psychologists would probably find his views in the LEAST agreement with the other three

answer

James

question

Skinner and Watson both believed that the mind was like ______.

answer

A black box

question

Skinner added a new element to conditioning called ______.

answer

Reinforcement

question

The psychologist who added the concept of reinforcement to Watson's conditioning model was ______.

answer

Skinner

question

B. F. Skinner is associated with ______.

answer

Behaviorism

question

A bird is taught to peck at a disk on a wall by receiving a food pellet every time it produces the correct behavior. This is the method used by ______. ***

answer

Skinner

question

A mother is trying to teach her little boy to eat his cereal with a spoon. Every time he correctly does so, his mother gives him a small piece of his favorite cookie. This is an example of ______. ***

answer

Reinforcement

question

A psychologist uses reinforcement to let an animal become a part of its own conditioning. This psychologist is MOST likely a follower of ______.

answer

Skinner

question

Behaviorism ______.

answer

dominated academic psychology in the United States well into the 1960s

question

The psychological school of thought that caused psychology to develop an "environmental bias" during the mid-1900s was ______.

answer

Behaviorism

question

The two schools of thought that paved the way for the cognitive revolution in psychology were ______.

answer

Humanistic psychology and Gestalt psychology

question

Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka were all associated with ______ psychology.

answer

Gestalt

question

Each of the following psychologists was associated with the Gestalt school of psychology EXCEPT ______.

answer

Mesmer

question

When applied to perception, Gestalt refers to ______. ***

answer

Our tendency to see patterns

question

The idea that psychology should focus on how people experience and perceive separate objects (such as dots) as whole patterns (such as lines, or objects) is a central concept of ______. ***

answer

Gestalt psychology

question

Gestalt psychologists were most interested in ______.

answer

Perception

question

When we are shown a series of still pictures flashed at a constant rate, they seem to show movement. The psychologists MOST likely to be interested in this event are ______ psychologists.

answer

Gestalt

question

Confronted with a figure like ========> , a Gestalt psychologist would describe it as ______.

answer

An arrow

question

In his views of consciousness, which of the following psychologists was MOST similar to the views espoused by the Gestalt psychologists?

answer

James

question

When we see a painting by George Seurat, the famous French impressionist, we tend to experience it as a rendering of a lovely landscape rather than as the series of separate, differently colored dots of which the painting is actually composed. This phenomenon illustrates an important point made by ______. ***

answer

Gestalt psychologists

question

Which of the following psychologists would NOT describe the following shape: ======> as an arrow?

answer

A structuralist

question

When we listen to a favorite piece of music, we tend to experience the melodies and harmonies as a beautiful single piece of music rather than as the series of separate notes of which the song is actually composed. This phenomenon illustrates an important point made by ______.

answer

Gestalt psychologists

question

Using nonverbal experiences, unity of mind, and altered states of consciousness, as a means of realizing one's full human potential is the focus of ______. ***

answer

Humanistic psychology

question

A male who seeks help for depression is told that the way to overcome the depression is to explore his nonverbal experience, attempt to alter his state of consciousness, and let go of inhibitions and fears. This approach is MOST similar to that of ______. ***

answer

Humanistic psychology

question

A noted psychologist argues that psychology should focus on the possibilities of nonverbal experience, unity of mind, altered states of consciousness, and letting go. This psychologist's view is MOST like that of ______ . ***

answer

Abraham Maslow

question

If you were a humanistic psychologist trying to help a client overcome his psychological problems, which of the following would you be MOST likely to do?

answer

Help the client discover an inner sense of identity by focusing on unity of mind, altered states of consciousness, and letting go of inhibitions and fears

question

Abraham Maslow is most closely associated with ______ psychology.

answer

Humanistic

question

Humanistic psychology has made important contributions to the study of ______.

answer

Motivation and emotion

question

The term "cognitive revolution" refers to a ______.

answer

a movement toward a broad interest in mental processes

question

Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the scientific study of ______.

answer

Mental processes

question

The scientific study of the ways in which people perceive, interpret, store, and retrieve information is central to ______ psychology. ***

answer

Cognitive

question

A noted scientist argues that psychology should scientifically study mental processes in the broadest sense: thinking, feeling, learning, remembering, making decisions, and making judgments. This scientist is probably a(n) ______ psychologist. ***

answer

Cognitive

question

A psychologist reads a lengthy story to a group of people, then observes the kinds of things they remember, the ways in which their recollections change over time, and the sorts of errors in their memories that occur. This psychologist is MOST likely a(n) ______ psychologist. ***

answer

Cognitive

question

Ten years ago, most psychology textbooks described psychology as the "study of behavior." Today, most of these describe psychology as the "study of behavior and mental processes." This definitional change can in large part be attributed to the impact of ______ psychology.

answer

Cognitive

question

The field of ______ studies the neurological mechanisms that underlie such processes as learning, memory, intelligence, and emotion.

answer

Cognitive neuroscience

question

The most prominent school in contemporary scientific psychology is ______.

answer

Cognitive psychology

question

The field of psychology that is concerned with the biological origins of behaviors and mental processes, their adaptive value and the purposes they continue to serve is ______ psychology.

answer

evolutionary

question

A famous psychologist studies mate selection, altruism, and jealousy in a variety of cultures across a wide range of time periods in an effort to find out how we (humans) have developed our current patterns of behavior in regard to these issues. This psychologist is MOST likely a(n) ______ psychologist.

answer

Evolutionary

question

In comparing cognitive psychologists with evolutionary psychologists, ______.

answer

cognitive psychologists tend to see the human mind as a computer requiring software to process information, but evolutionary psychologists see the mind as largely hardwired

question

An emerging field of psychology that studies subjective feelings of happiness, subjective well-being, self-determination, and the factors that allow individuals, communities, and societies to flourish is ______ psychology.

answer

Positive

question

A renowned theorist argues that psychologists have learned a great deal about the origins, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness but relatively little about the origins and nurturance of mental wellness, and that we need to learn more about how individuals find fulfillment under benign conditions. This theorist's views are most similar to those of ______ psychologists.

answer

Positive

question

Modern approaches to psychology ______.

answer

tend to complement each other, with each approach contributing in its own way to our understanding of human behavior

question

Psychology has profited from the contributions of women ______.

answer

From its beginnings

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Women presented papers and joined the national professional association for psychologists as soon as it was formed. b. Teaching positions at universities were often closed to women during psychology's early years. c. During psychology's early years, some colleges refused to grant degrees in psychology to women. d. Women were not acknowledged by men in psychology until well into this century.

answer

D

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

answer

Women were barred from the national professional association of psychologists when it was first formed

question

Each of the following was a distinguished female contributor to the development of psychology in its early years EXCEPT ______.

answer

Margaret Mead

question

William James described ______ as his "brightest student," and she later developed a research tool used in the study of memory and developed the psychology laboratory at Wellesley College.

answer

Mary Whiton Calkins

question

The female psychologist who became one of the country's leading theorists in color vision was ______.

answer

Christine Ladd-Franklin

question

The female psychologist who developed an influential theory of self-psychology, and an important research technique for studying verbal learning, and was the first woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association was ______.

answer

Mary Whiton Calkins

question

A student of Edward Titchener's who was the first woman in America to receive a Ph.D. in psychology was ______.

answer

Margaret Floy Washburn

question

According to the most recent APA survey, women earn ______ doctorate degrees in psychology.

answer

Two out of three

question

Today women receive _______ of the baccalaureate degrees and ______ of the graduate degrees awarded in psychology.

answer

Most; most

AP Psych Test 1-b (The Growth of Psychology) – Flashcards

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