AP Psych-Sleep and Psychoactive Drugs – Flashcards
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define conciousness
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awareness of yourself and your environment, including internal and external stimuli (more than 1 type of awareness)
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what are the 5 levels of consciousness?
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-conscious mind -preconscious mind -subconscious mind -non conscious mind -unconscious mind
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define sensory awareness
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conscious or aware of things outside yourself
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define direct inner awareness
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being aware of things inside you
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define sense of self
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aware of ourselves and our existence
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conscious mind:(aka?)
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aka waking consciousness -those things of which we are immediately aware
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preconscious mind:
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awareness of those things we can access if needed -ex. memory of favorite toy as a child
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subconscious mind:
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ex. freudian slip, daydreaming, road hypnosis
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freudian slip
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slip of the tongue by which it is thought a person unintentionally reveals his or her true feelings
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nonconscious mind:
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those things our bodies do automatically, w/out thought -ex. breathing, digestion
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unconscious mind:
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those things our bodies do which we are unaware of -ex. Id, ego, superego, dreams, hypnosis
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how many times does our body pass though each level of consciousness each day?
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multiple times a day
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define circadian rhythms:
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the daily cycle our bodies experience each day -we experience varying levels of alertness over a roughly 24 hr period
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which biological rhythm influences the time you wake and go to sleep, eat, and are most alert, among many daily activities?
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circadian rhythms (controls drowsiness and alertness throughout the day)
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define ultradian rhythms:
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-less than a day in length -influence urination, day dreaming, or hunger -also effects periods of light & deep sleep
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define infradian rhythm:
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-greater then one day
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example of an infradian rhythm:
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menstrual cycle (28 days)
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define circannual rhythm:
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-last 1 year+ -ex. Hibernation and seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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what is SAD(seasonal affective disorder)?
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-severe depression during the winter months -seasonal variation in the production of melatonin
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what's the most well known biological cycle?
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-biological rhythm, sleep and dreaming
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how do we sleep?
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sleep (& alertness) are triggered by brain structures in the limbic system and brain stems
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how is melatonin involved with how we sleep?
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levels of the hormone melatonin are influenced by the suprachiamatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and the pineal gland
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how is the reticular formation involved with how we sleep?
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it's believed to activate higher regions of the brain, causing period of REM sleep and other periods of alertness
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what two theories are associated with why we sleep?
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restorative theory & evolutionary theory
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restorative theory (why do we sleep?):
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recuperate from the wear and tear of the day -sleep is needed for optimal physical and mental functions
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evolutionary theory (why do we sleep?):
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keep us protected from the dangers of the night -sleep patterns adapt to our individual needs
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how much sleep do we need?
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varies by age and by individual
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define sleep deprivation:
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can cause physical, sensory and cognitive disruptions, & in animal studies, has been shown to lead to death
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what happens in sleep?
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a person passes through varying stages of alertness, measurable by diff brain wave patterns
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how is sleep measured?
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by and EEG (electroencephalogram) that changes in brain wave patterns reinforce scientists theories of changes in consciousness
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NREM sleep-
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stages 1-4
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stage 1 of sleep:
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-breathing is slowed and brain waves become irregular -it's easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep -rarely lasts longer than 5 min
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stage 2 of sleep:
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-brain wave cycle slows -1st time through stage 2 lasts about 20 min
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stage 3 & 4 of sleep:
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-slow wave sleep -1st time through stage 4 is about 30 min -rejuvenating sleep~feels refreshed when waking up
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REM sleep:
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-rapid eye movement as eyes move quickly back and forth -pulse quickens and so does breathing -brain wave patterns are similar to waking patterns -vivid dreaming occurs in REM sleep
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REM sleep aka...
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paradoxical sleep
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paradoxical sleep:
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one's bodily processes are close to that of being awake -however, the brainstem blocks all muscle movement (muscle atonia)
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muscle atonia
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Paralysis of the muscles to stop us from acting out our dreams.
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how long does 1 sleep cycle last, approximately?
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90 minutes
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beta waves...
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awake-alert, & REM sleep
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what stage do alpha waves occur in and what happens
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stage 1, hypnogogichallucinations may occur
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hypnagogic hallucinations
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are unusual sensory phenomena experienced just before or during awakening. Their better known mirror image, hypnagogic hallucinations, are vivid and frightening episodes of seeing or hearing or feeling phantom sensations while falling asleep (or in early stage 1 sleep).
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what stage do theta waves happen in and what phenomena occurs?
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sleep 2, sleep spindles
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delta waves....
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stage 3 & 4
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sleep disorders
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many people suffer disturbed sleep patterns periodically -others suffer from a variety of sleep disorders that can have a serious physical or psychological effects
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insomnia:
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-recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep -affects about 10% of the population -sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem
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who suffers from insomnia?
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women and those with a racing brain suffer from insomnia more often than those men
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sleep apnea:
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characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakening
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what sleep disorder disrupts circadian rhythms?
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sleep apnea
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who does sleep apnea tend to effect?
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ppl who are overweight, or those who have heavy chests -ppl who suffer can wear a breathing mask at night to help
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narcolepsy:
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-characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks -person may lapse directly into REM sleep -also may experience sudden loss of muscular control -psychologist aren't sure why people suffer-believe theres a genetic abnormality that causes it
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somnambulism (sleep walking):
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-starts in the deep stages or N-REM sleep -person may b able to talk, walk. or complete other activities -rarely has any memory of event -occurs most in young boys and most ppl grow out of it as their CNS becomes more developed
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night terrors
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-characterized by high arousal & appearance of being terrified -happens during stage 4 sleep; mostly in children -the individual seldom remembers event -NOT a nightmare
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other examples of sleep disorders:
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-Bruxism: teeth grinding -Enuresis: Bed wetting -Myoclonus: sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage 1 sleep; everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus
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when does most dreaming occur?
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REM sleep
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does everyone dream? what percent of dreams are forgotten?
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yes, 95% of dreams are forgotten
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quality of dreams:
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vary vastly
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why do we dream?
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# of theories -scientists agree that we NEED to dream
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what are the theories of why we dream?
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-information process theory -activation synthesis theory -Freud's wish-fulfillment theory -cognitive development theory -others: problem solving theory; survival strategy theory
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describe information-processing theory:
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research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage -dreams serve as a function by sorting and sifting through the day's experiences
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describe activation-synthesis theory:
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dreams are the mind's attempt to make sense of random neural activity in the brain as one sleeps
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describe Freud's wish-fulfillment theory:
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dreamers dream of repressed desires ^and to interpret these... one uses manifest and latent content
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what is manifest content?
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relating to Freud's wish-fulfillment theory -the literal content of the dream
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what is latent content?
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relating to Freud's wish-fulfillment theory -the disguised meaning of the dream
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describe cognitive development:
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dreams part of the maturation process -reflection of normal cognitive development
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problem-solving theory:
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-Webb and Cartwright (1978) -solving problem after sleep-"sleep on it" -manifest content is real content
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survival strategy theory:
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-winston (1997) -memories of new experiences are placed close together w/older memories to form a strategy for survival
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define hypnosis:
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the process of creating a trance-like state -some argue that it's a distinctly separate state of consciousness -diff from sleeping, daydreaming or other states -seems real to the person who experiences the state
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hypnotic trances include.... (5)
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heightened suggestibility; dissociation; vivid imagery; enhanced memory; post hypnotic suggestibilty
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what is dissociation
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A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
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the social influence theory aka...
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role play
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what is the social influence theory? (hypnosis)
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a person's physiological state DOES NOT change under hypnosis -social factors influence ppl to believe hypnosis will work and act accordingly
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what is the divided consciousness theory (hypnosis)?
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during hypnosis, consciousness splits w/ 1 part susceptible to the hypnotic state -the other part, the Hidden Observer, retains awareness of reality
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who proposed the divided consciousness theory?
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Hilgard
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which hypnosis theory advocates that hypnosis is an ALTERED STATE of consciousness?
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divided consciousness theory
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describe hypnotiz ability:
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differences in the ability of ppl to become hypnotized -varies from person to person -varies from situation to situation
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limits to hypnotic suggestions:
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-hypnosis can lead ppl to certain behaviors, but does NOT CAUSE behaviors -hypnotic suggestions usually involve sensations, thoughts, emotions, and a wide variety of behaviors
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define psychoactive drugs:
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chemical substances that affect the CNS, impacting cognition, emotion and behavior
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what kind of dependence can psychoactive drugs have?
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physical and psychological
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physical dependence/addiction:
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-physiological need for a drug -marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
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psychological dependence:
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-a psychological need to use a drug -for ex. to relieve negative emotions
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what are the 4 types of psychoactive drugs?
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-depressants -stimulants -hallucinogens -opiates
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what are depressants?
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drugs that reduce neural activity
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2 examples of depressants:
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alcohol and barbiturates
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what do depressants do to the body?
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-slows body functions -give people a sense of euphoria (can have a neg effect) ^slows reactions, impairs memory, inhibits judgment
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what are stimulants?
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drugs that excite neural activity -speeds up body functions
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4 examples of stimulants:
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caffeine, cocaine, nicotine, amphetamines
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where is nicotine found?
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-found in tobacco leaves, structurally similar to acetylcholine
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describe what nicotine does to the body:
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-binds to nerve receptors and makes nerve cells fire more frequently -causes heart rate to increase -extremely addictive
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what do amphetamines do to ppl and their bodies?
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-stimulate neural activity, causing accelerating body functions -associated w/energy and mood changes -help ppl stay awake and reduce appetite -extremely addictive
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what does cocaine do to the body?
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-produces feeling of pleasure, reduces hunger, deadens pain and boosts self-confidence
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what do the effects of cocaine depend on?
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depends on dosage, form, expectations, personality and situation
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define hallucinogens:
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distort perceptions and induce sensory images in the absence of sensory input ex. psychedelic and marijuana
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psychedelic ex's
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producing an unnatural mental state mind manifesting; LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), THC, PPC
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what are ex of opiates?
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-opium and it's derivatives ^morphine, codeine, methadane, heroin
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describe opiates:
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-serve as agonist for endorphin's -depress neural activity, lessening pain and anxiety -elevates mood -highly addictive
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define tolerance:
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-diminishing effect w/regular use -a higher dose of the drug, may be required to attain the desired effect
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define withdrawal:
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-discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use -can include headache, dehydration, sweating among other symptoms
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what are the 3 primary parts of the brain that drugs affect?
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1. Brainstem/spinal cord (survival functions) 2. Limbic system (controls emotional responses) 3. Cerebral cortex (lobes)
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what causes a "high" or euphoria?
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flood of dopamine
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define anabolic:
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-growing or building -athletes use anabolic steroids
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how much do we sleep in a lifetime?
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1/3 of our life
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define EEG
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electroencephalogram -shows how active the brain is at each moment -a physiological measurement -record of the electrical signals picked up @ several dif locations on scalp
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alpha waves characteristics:
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-smooth/regular (10 peaks/sec) -when person is awake but relaxed
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beta waves characteristics:
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-waves faster than alpha (15-45 peaks/sec) -irregular -when person opens eyes and focuses attention on something
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EEG tracings during sleep:
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-waves recorded on the tracings got progressively slower/lower in frequency and larger (higher amp) during the 1st hours or so after the person fell asleep
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high frequency/low amp=
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drowsy
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increasing relation of frequency and amp=
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just fallen asleep
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low frequency/high amp=
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deep sleep
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which stage is considered a transition from wakefulness into sleep?
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stage 1
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what are sleep spindles?
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brief bursts of rapid brain activity in the midst of the overall slowing of the EEG waves
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at what point is someone truly asleep?
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sleep spindles-stage 2
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what is stage 3 marked by the appearance of?
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low frequency (3 peaks/sec) and high amp waves called DELTA waves
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what percentage of the EEG tracings do delta waves make up in stage 3?
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10-50%
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what is the deepest stage of sleep?
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stage 4
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in which stage is it almost all delta waves?
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stage 4
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what is the pattern for stages repeated?
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after staying in stage 4 for a short time you move back through stages in a reverse order
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what are waves like in REM sleep?
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fast, small waves indicating intense brain activity
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when do sleep thoughts occur?
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in slow wave sleep-stages 2, 3 and 4
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sleep thoughts..
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50% report nothing was happening when awaked or that they were thinking about something they had been concerned about the previous day
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define true dream and when does it happen?
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doing something in a dream; REM sleep
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define sleep paralysis and when does it happen?
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motor neurons are inhibited (ppl who walk/talk do so in stage 4 not REM); REM sleep
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when do people sleep walk or sleep talk?
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stage 4
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REM sleep, generally an "active" state of sleep, is accompanied by which paradoxical characteristics?
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lowered muscle tone
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A student participates in a month-long sleep study designed to examine free-running circadian rhythms. If all time cues are removed, the student's total sleep-wake cycle is likely to
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average about 25 hrs
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define REM rebound:
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the lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep which occurs after periods of sleep deprivation. When people have been prevented from experiencing REM, they take less time than usual to attain the REM state
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define post-hypnotic suggestion:
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A suggestion made to a hypnotized person that specifies an action to be performed after awakening, often in response to a cue.
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The psychological effects of alcohol are powerfully influenced by the user's
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expectations
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Those who study hypnosis AGREE that it is a state of:
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heightened suggestibility
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if you're daydreaming what brain wave activity do you show?
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theta
