AP Psych Module 9- Abnormal Psychology – Flashcards
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postpartum psychosis
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form of depression that occurs in women after giving birth; includes delusional thinking and hallucinations
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post partum depression
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depression occurring within one year after giving birth that includes intense worry about the baby, fear of harming it, and thoughts of suicide.
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psychopathology
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the study of abnormal behavior
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situational context
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the social/ environmental setting of a persons behavior
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subjective discomfort
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emotional distress or pain
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maladaptive
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anything not allowing a person to function within or adapt to the stress of every day demands of life
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social-cultural perspective
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abnormal behavior is seen as the product of learning and shaping of the behavior within the context of the family
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cultural relativity
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the need to consider unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place
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culture bound syndromes
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disorders found only in particular cultures
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neuroticism
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Someone who scores high in this model of the Big Five would be at great risk for anxiety based disorders
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biological model
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model of explaining behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body
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cognitive psychologists
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psychologists that study the way people think, memorize, and organize information
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biopsychosocial model
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a model where abnormal behavior is seen as the result of combined interacting forces of biological, psychosocial, cultural, and social influences.
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Axis 1
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what DSM axis is labeled Clinical Disorders
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Axis 2
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what DSM axis is labeled personality disorders, mental retardation
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axis 3
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what DSM axis is labeled general medical conditions
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axis 4
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what DSM axis is labeled psychosocial & environmental problems?
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axis 5
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what DSM axis is labeled global assesment of functioning
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anxiety disorders
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in these disorders, the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness
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free- floating anxiety
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anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source
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phobia
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an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
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social phobia
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fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that may have a negative evaluation
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specific phobia
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fear of certain objects/ events
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acrophobia
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fear of heights
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agoraphobia
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fear of being in a situation where escape is difficult/ impossible
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panic attack
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sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often feeling like youre dying
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panic disorder
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panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause difficulty when adjusting the daily life
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obsessive compulsive disorder
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recurring thoughts/ obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior (compulsion)
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generalized anxiety disorder
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a person has feelings of dread/ impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress, which lasts 6 months or more
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magnification
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the tendency to interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful, or important than they actually are
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all or nothing thinking
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the tendency to believe that ones performance needs to be perfect or it will result in total failure
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over generalization
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the tendency to interpret a single negative event asa a never ending pattern of defeat/ failure
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minimization
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the tendency to give little or no importance to one's successful/ positive events in life
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psychosomatic disorder
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disorder in which psychological stress causes a real physical order or illness
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psychophysiological disorder
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modern term for psychosomatic disorder
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hypochondriasis
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somatoform disorder in which the person is terrified of being sick, may visit the doctor repeatedly
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somatization disorder
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somatoform disorder in which the person dramatically complains of a specific symptom for pain where there is no physical cause
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conversion disorder
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somatoform disorder in which the person experiences a specific symptom in the somatic nervous system's functioning, such as paralysis, numbness, blindness, where there is no real physical cause
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dissociative disorders
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break in conscious awareness, memory, and sense of identity
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dissociative amnesia
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loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete
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dissociative fugue
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traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip, possible amnesia for personal information
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dissociative identity disorder
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when a person seems to have two or more personalities within one body
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depersonalization disorder
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individuals feel detached from themselves and surroundings
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affect
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in psychology it means emotion/ mood
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mood disorder
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mood is severely disturbed
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dysthymia
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moderate depression lasting at least 2 years, typically due to external stressor
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cyclothymia
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mood swings, from moderate depression to hypomania, 2+ years
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major depression
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severe depression, comes suddenly, unknown cause
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manic
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excessive excitement, energy, and irritability
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bipolar disorder
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severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes
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schizophrenia
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sever disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish reality from fantasy.
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psychotic
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applied to a person who is no longer able to percieve what is real/fantasy
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delusions
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false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness
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delusional disorder
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a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is delusions
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hallucinations
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false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not exist
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flat affect
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lack of emotional responsiveness
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disorganized
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type of schizophrenia in which behavior is bizarre and childish; thinking, speech, and motor actions are very disordered
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catatonic
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type of schizophrenia in which experiencing of immobility mixed with occasional bursts of energetic, frantic moving occurs
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paranoid
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type of schizophrenia where the person suffers from delusions of persecutions, jealousy
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positive symptoms
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are excesses of behavior in addition to "normal" schizophrenia behavior; hallucinations, delusions, distorted thinking
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negative symptoms
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less than "normal" behavior in addition to regular behavior in schizophrenics; poor attention, flat affect, poor speech production
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stress vulnerability model
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explanation of a disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity to a certain disorder will result in the development of that disorder under the right conditions of environmental/ emotional stress
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personality disorders
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person adapts a persistent, rigid, maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal society interactions
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antisocial personality disorder
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person has no morals or conscience, often behaves in an impulsive manner without regards to consequences
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borderline personality disorder
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maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a sense of identity, and clings to others
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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mood disorder caused by the body's reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months
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phototherapy
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use of lights to treat SAD
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manifest content
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the actual content of ones dream
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latent content
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symbolic/ hidden meaning of a dream
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free association
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psychoanalytic theory in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations
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resistance
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occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic
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transference
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in psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist
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directive
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therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a clients statements and may suggest certain behaviors/ actions
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psychodynamic therapy
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this therapy has an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and more direct approach
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nondirective
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therapist remains neutral, doesn't interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, nonjudgemental listener
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reflection
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therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements
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empathy
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the ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client
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authenticity
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the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client
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gestalt therapy
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form of directive insight therapy which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences
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behavioral therapies
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action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning aimed at changing the disordered behavior without concern for the original cause of such behavior.
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behavior modification/ applied behavior analysis
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the use of learning techniques to modify/ change undesirable behavior & increase desirable behavior
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systematic desensitization
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used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears
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aversion therapy
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undesirable behavior paired with aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior
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flooding
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used for treating phobias where the person is rapidly exposed to fear of provoking situation, they are prevented from escaping the situation
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modeling
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learning through others
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reinforcement
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strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
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token economy
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the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which tokens are collected and exchanged for items/ privileges
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contingency contract
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a formal, written agreement between the therapist and client in which goals for behavior change, reinforcement, and penalties are clearly stated
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extinction
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removing a reinforcer to reduce frequency of a behavior
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time- out
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an extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior
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cognitive therapy
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focus is helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace those with more realistic thoughts
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arbitrary inference
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(distortion of thinking) person draws a conclusion that is not based on any evidence
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selective thinking
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(distortion of thinking) person focuses on one aspect of a situation while ignoring other relevant aspects
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overgeneralization
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(distortion of thinking) person draws conclusion based on one incident or event and applies that conclusion to unrelated events
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personalization
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(distortion of thinking) person takes the blame/ responsibility of actions unconnected to them
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cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
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goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally/ logically
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rational- emotive behavioral therapy
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clients are directively challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational statements
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eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR)
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controversial form of therapy for PTSD & other similar anxiety problems where the client is directed to move their eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of the disturbing memory
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eclectic therapies
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combining several therapy techniques
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therapeutic alliance
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the relationship between a therapist and client
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cybertherapy
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psychotherapy online
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biomedical therapies
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this therapy directly affects the biological functioning of the body and brain
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psychopharmacology
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the use of drugs to control/ relieve symptoms of psychological disorders
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antipsychotic drugs
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drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior
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anti-anxety drugs
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drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers
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antidepressant drugs
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drugs used to treat depression and anxiety
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psychosurgery
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performed on brain tissue to relieve/ control severe psychological disorders
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anti-manic drugs
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drugs that address the manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder; most common is lithium; may also include anti-convulsants and antidepressants used to treat anxiety disorders
