AP Psych: Memory Chapter Vocab – Flashcards
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Memory
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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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flashbulb memory
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event; memory is a clear as a picture
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semantic memory
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fact based Jeopardy-like information
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procedural memory
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how-to memory
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episodic memory
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memories of certain episodes/events
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eidetic memory
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photographic memory, very rare
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prospective memory
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remembering not to forget to do something; cleaning your room
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three stages of memory
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encoding/storage/retrieval
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parallel processing
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the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information
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shallow processing
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encoding the shapes, looks or surface structure of things, especially words not the meanings
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deep processing
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encoding something according to its semantics
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semantic encoding
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the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
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self-referent processing
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encoding something based on how it relates to you; type of deep processing
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effortful processing
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encoding the requires attention and conscious effort
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rehearsal
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the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
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spacing effect
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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
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next-in-line effect
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a person in a group has diminished recall for the words of others who spoke immediately before or after the person
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serial position effect
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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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primacy effect
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information at the beginning of a list is remembered better than material in the middle
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recency effect
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information at the end of a list is remembered better than the material in the middle
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overlearning
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the additional rehearsal of information even after learning material that increases retention
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visual encoding
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the encoding of pictures/images
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acoustic encoding
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the encoding of sound, especially sound of words
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imagery
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mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
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rosy retrospection
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recalling the high points of an even while forgetting the mundane ones
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mnemonics
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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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method of loci
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a mnemonic that helps people remember things by placing them in a familiar place
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link method
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forming a mental image of items remembered in a way that links them togetherr
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peg-word system
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remembering a peg-word jingle and visually associating the peg-words with the to-be-remembered words
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hierarchies
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a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
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chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units
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acronym
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a type of chunking in which a word is made out of the first letters of the to-be-remembered items
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working memory
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a newer understanding of Atkinson and Shiffrin's second stage of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
