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memory

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the persistance of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of informaiton

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flashbulb memory

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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment of event

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encoding

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the processing of information into the memory systems, for example, by extracting meaning

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storage

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the retention of encoded information over time

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retrieval

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the process of getting information out of memory storage

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sensory information

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the immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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short term memory

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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing before the information is stored or forgotten

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long term memory

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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system including knowledge skills and experiments

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working memory

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a newer understanding of short term memory that involved conscious active processing of incoming auditor and visual spatial information and of information retrieved from long term memory

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automatic processing

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unconscious endowing of incidental information such as space time and frequency and of well learned information such as word meanings

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effortful processing

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encoding that required attention and conscious effort

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rehearsal

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the conscious repetition of information eat her to maintain it in consciousness or encode it for storage

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spacing effect

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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through masses study of practice

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serial position effect

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out tendency to recall best the least and first items in a list

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visual encoding

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the encoding of picture images

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acoustic encoding

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the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

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semantic encoding

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the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

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imagery

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mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially why combined with semantic encoding

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mnemonics

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memory aids especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organization devices

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chunking

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organizing items into familiar managing units often occurred automatically

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iconic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenth of a second

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echoic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere sounds and words can still be recalled writhing 3 or 4 seconds

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long term potentiation LTP

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an increase in synapses firing potential after brief rapid stimulation believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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amnesia

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the loss of memory

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implicitly memory

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retention independent of conscious recollection

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implicitly memory is also called

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procedural memory

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explicit memory

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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

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explicit memory is also called

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declarative memory

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hippocampus

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a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage

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recall

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a measure or memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier as on a fill in the blank test

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recognition

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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned as on a multiple choice test

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relearning

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a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning the amount of time saved when learning material for the second time

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priming

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the activation often unconsciously of particular associations in memory. Ask a friend two rapid fire questions

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déjà vu

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the eerie sense that I've experienced this before cues form the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

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mood congruent memory

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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good of bad mood

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proactive interference

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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

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retroactive interference

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the disruptive effect of new leaning of the recall of old informations

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repression

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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes fro conscious anxiety shrouding thoughts and feeling and memories

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Misinformation effect

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incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event

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source amnesia

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attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experience heard about, read about or imagined (source misattribution) source amnesia along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories

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what two things are at the heart of many false memories

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source amnesia, and misinformation effect

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to remember an event we must get information into out brain, which is called

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encoding

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to we remember an event we must retain the information in our brain, which is called

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storage

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to remember an event we must get back out the information stored in our brain, this is called

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retrieval

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incoming stimuli along with information we retrieve from long term memory becomes

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short term memory (working memory)

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the episode buffer

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funnels input to the central executive (from immediate expeirences sensory input

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without conscious effort you automatically process information about

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space, time and frequency (and well leaned material)

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without conscious effort you automatically process information about space:

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while reading your textbook you often encode the place on a page where certain material appears,later, when struggling o recall the information you may visualize its location

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without conscious effort you automatically process information about time:

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while going about your day you unintentionally note the sequence of the days events later when you realize that you left your coat somewhere you recreate the sequence of what you did that day and retrace your steps

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without conscious effort you automatically process information about frequency:

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you effortlessly keep track of how many times things happen thus enabling you to realize this is the third time I've run into her today

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memory is best remembered how long before sleep

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an hour before, not seconds or minutes before

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you learn the first few names of people you meet because

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they interfered with your learning of other names, and you also rehearsed those names more then the names you learned later

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when interpreting verbal information how we interpret the information eye-screem is based on

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our past experiences, ice cream or I scream

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when words are organized in a group memory is

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2-3 times better

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if you can master a chapters concepts in section your overall recall

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will increase (using an outline format also helps)

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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of informations

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memory

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these are attached to emotionally significant moments or events, differ from most other memories in their striking clarity

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flashbulb memories

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what suggests we register fleeting sensory memories, some or which are processed into on screen short term memories, a tiny fraction of which are encoded for long term memory and possibly later retrieval

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Atkinson shift in three stage model

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the limits of the three stage model for memory is that we

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sometimes register information automatically bypassing the first two stages, and they use the term short term memory instead of working memory

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why do contemporary researchers (supporters of the working memory model) prefer the term working memory instead of short term memory (like supports or the three stage model would prefer)

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because it emphasizes a more active role in this second processing stage where we rehearse and manipulate information, associating new stimuli with older stored memories

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what does ur brain do during the working memory/short term memory stage

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rehearse and manipulate information, associating new stimuli with older stored memories

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this model uses visual spatial and auditory subsystems, corrida aged by a central executive processor that focuses attention where needed

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working memory model

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we register well learned information such as words in our native language by

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automatic processing

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finding meaning in Madrid and ornamentation requires

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conscious attention and deliberate effort or rehearsal called effortful processing

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this is our tendency to forget through failure to encode what the person ahead of us in line has said because we are focusing on what we will say in our upcoming turn

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The next in line effect

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this is our tendency to retain information and what easily if we practice it repeatedly over spaced study then if we would practice it in one long session

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The spacing effect

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this is our tendency to recall the first and last items in a long list more easily then we recall the intervening items

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The serial position effect

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which type of coating is a deeper form of processing van visible and acoustic encoding

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semantic

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we process of verbal information best when we

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coated semantically especially if we apply the self reference of fact making information relevant to me

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self reference the fact

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making information relevant to your self makes it sick with you and allows you to remember it better

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how does encoding imagery aid effortful processing

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vivid images are very memorable

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we tend to remember concrete nouns better than abstract nouns because

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we can associate both an image and meeting with gorilla but only meeting with process

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many mnemonic devices (memory strategies or aids) rely on

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imagery

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A manometer device can trap items into memory by combining

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Visual encoding (imagining a series of vivid images) and acoustic encoding ( and memorable rhyme)

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we remember organize information better than we do random data and to ways to organize information are

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Chungking and hierarchies

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in this form of organization we closer information into familiar manageable units such as words into sentences

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chunking

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and this form of organization we process information by dividing it into logical level beginning with the most general and moving to the most specific

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hierarchy

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Learning the persists indicates the existence of

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memory for that learning

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memories for surprising significant moments that are especially clear I called

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flashbukb memories

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like other memories flashbulb memories

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can err

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both human and computer memory can be viewed as

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informationg and processing system that perform three tasks encoding retrieval and storage

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The classical model of memory has been Atkinson and Sheiffins

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three stage processing model

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cording to the three stage processing model we first record information as

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fleeting sensory memory

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according to the three stage processing model, after recording information as a fleeting sensory memory we

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process it into short-term memory

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according to the three stage processing model wants memory is processed into short-term memory it is

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encoded their rehearsal into long-term memory for later retrieval

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short-term memory has been clarified by the concept of working memory which focuses more on the

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processing of briefly stored information

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short term are working memory has both

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auditory and visual spatial subsystems

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short-term and working memory have auditory and visual spatial subsystems that are

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coordinated by the central executive processor, with the help of the episode buffer, allowing us to process images and words simultaneously

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Brain scans show that the frontal lobe's are active during

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complex thinking

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rain scans show that the parietal and temporal lobe's are active when

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auditory and visual information is in working memory

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encoding that does not require constant attention or effort is called

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automatic processing

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some processing requires effort at first but with

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with experience and practice it becomes effortless

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things that are typically encoded with little or no effort

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how many times something happen, the location of things, your day in a sequence of events

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encoding that requires attention and effort is called

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effortful processing

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with novel information: conscious repetition, or rehearsal

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boost memory

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it pioneering researcher and verbal memory was

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Ebbingnaus

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and one experiment Ebbingnaus found that the longer he studied a list of nonsense syllables the

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fewer number of repetitions he required to relearn it later

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after material has been learned additional repetition or over learning will

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increase retention

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when people go around a circle reading words their course memories are for the

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most recent information heard

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when people go around a circle reading words their course memories are for the most recent information heard this is due to

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The next in line effect which is when you try to remember what I said and don't pay attention to the person before you because you're trying to think of what you're going to say and you do not process what they say

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memories studies also revealed that distributed rehearsal is more effective for retention this is called

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spacing effect

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The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list is called the

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serial position effect

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following a delay the first items of a list are

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remembered better than last items, this is because your brain starts processing that information

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encoding the meaning of words is referred to as

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semantic endoding

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encoding sound is

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acoustic encoding

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encoding of the images of words

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Visual encoding

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Craig and tulvings study comparing visual acoustic instruments at encoding showed that memory was best with

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semantic encoding

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our excellent recall of information that relates to ourselves is called the

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self reference effect

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memory that consists of mental pictures is based on the use of

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imagry

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because memory that consists of mental pictures tends to be highly memorable they aid

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effortful processing

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concrete hi am actually words tend to be remembered

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better than abstract low imagery words

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emery for concrete nouns is facilitated when we encode them

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Semantically and visually

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our tendency to recall the high points of pleasurable events such as family vacation illustrates the phenomenon of

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rosy retrospection

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, One mnemonic device involved for me associations between familiar series of locations and to be remembered words this technique is called

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method of loci

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memory aids are known as

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mnemonic devices

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using a jingle such as one is a bun is an example of the mnemonic device called

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peg word system

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memory may be aided by grouping information into meaningful units called

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chunks

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example of Chungking involves forming words from the first letters. of the to be remembered words, the resulting word is called

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an acronym

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material maybe process into hierarchies which are composed of

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A few broad concepts divided into lesser concepts categories and facts

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The initial recording of sensory information in the memory system

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sensory memory

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if your partner asks you what they just said to test your attention you can usually recover the last few words from your minds

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echo chamber through Echoic memory

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at any given moment we can consciously process only

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A very limited amount of information

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Wilder Penfield electrically stimulated cortical regions of his patient brains all they were awake sometimes they would hear things such as a mother calling her little boy, was this a relived memory

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it was not a re lived memory

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after an electrical blackout in the brain can you still remember memories

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yes, want to revise your brain remembers everything before the blackout

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prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is called

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Long term potentiation

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LTP

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Long Term, potentiation

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CREB can

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switch genes on or off (and genes code the production of protein molecules)

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is CREB is decreased in the brain what may happen

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A person may have poorer memory

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glutimate is a brain neurotransmitter that

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enhances synaptic communication (LTP)

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CREB

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A protein that can switch jeans off or on

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The amygdala is

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to emotional processing clusters in the limbic system

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The amygdala is to motional processing clusters in the limbic system and they

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boost activity in the brain memory farming areas

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stress hormones released when excited or stressed make glucose energy

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available to fuel brain activity signaling the brain that something important has happened

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stress hormones released one excited or stressed can cause a person to better remember

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certain events while making neutral events around the same time difficult to remember

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weaker emotions also mean

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weaker memories

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prolonged stress such as in compat or sustained abuse can act like

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acid corroding Merrill connections and shrinking brain area that is vital for laying down memories

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a memory-to-be enters the cortex through

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the senses

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where a memory to be goes in the brain depends on

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the type of information

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a person with amnesia so they do not remember anything that happens (like 50 first dates) next has the ability to learn but

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they have no awareness that they learned them

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it is possible to destroy conscious recall withiut

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destroying unconscious recall (present amnesia and face recognition is those who can not recognize faces)

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people with present amnesia can learn

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how to do something, procedural/implicit memory, but they may not know they know, explicit/declarative memory

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some people (Alzheimer, amnesia) can retain their new learning but

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do not explicitly recall it

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implicit procedural memory can be done without

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conscious recall

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explicit declarative memory must be done with

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conscious recall

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explicit declarative memories are processed in the

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hippocampus

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implicit procedural memories are processed in the

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cerebellum

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implicit procedural memories processed in the cerebellum relate to

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skills motor and cognition, and classical and operant conditioning effects

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explicit declarative memories processed in the hippocampus relate to

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facts general knowledge and personally experienced events

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to remember an event requires

answer

encoding and storage

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to remember an event requires

answer

encoding and storage

question

the brain is like a web with anchor points rhat

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lead to memories and pathways of associations to those memories

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because of state dependency, when drunk and learning, the material learned may

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disappear and be forgotten when sober but return when drunk

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if in a cheerful mood someone may views others as

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also in a cheerful mood

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in a bad mood someone's look may be interpreted as

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a glare, whereas in a good mood it is interest

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when happy a person may recall

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other happy events

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when depressed a person may recall

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other depressing events, further depressing mood in a vicious cycle

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cues from an experience similar to another experience may cause a person to feel

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déjà vu

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what are the three sins of forgetting

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absent mindedness, transience, blocking

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what are the three sins of distortion

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misattribution, suggestibility, bias

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what is the sin of intrusion

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persistence

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what are the three categories of the seven sins of memory

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forgetting, distortion, and intrusion

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Inattention to details produces

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encoding failure (absent mindedness)

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our mind is elsewhere as we lay the keys down, causing an encoding failure, this is

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absentmindedness

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storage decay overtime is

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transience

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after we part ways with former classmates, unused information

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fades due to transience

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inaccessibility of stored information is

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blocking

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seeing an old classmate, we may feel the name on the tip of our tongue, but experience retrieval failure, what is this due to

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blocking

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confusing the source of information is

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misattribution

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putting words into someone's mouth or remembering a movie scene as an actual happening is

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masattribution

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the lingering effects of misinformation

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suggestability

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a leading question, "did mr jones touch your private parts" later becomes a child's false memory this is

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suggestability

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belief colored recollections

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bias

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a friends current feeling toward her fiancé may color her recalled initial feelings, this is

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bias

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unwanted memories

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persistance

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being haunted by images of sexual assault is

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persistence

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we can't remember what we fail to encode bc

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it never enters long term memory

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people unknowingly edit their

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history's to prove improvement ect.

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we encode our past from

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stored information and what we now assume

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the frailest part of memory is

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source

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many times we retain a memory but not the

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source of the memory

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source misattribution is also cslled

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source amnesia

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why is the cognitive interview technique used

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it doesn't lead the whiteness' in one direction, and their testimonies become more accurate

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review repeatedly, rehearse more time, make meaningful, use mnemonic devices, activate retrieval cues, recall when fresh, (before misinformation), minimize interference, test knowledge, what are all these tips for

answer

studying to improve memory

question

study repeatedly to

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boost long term recall (over learn)

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Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material, because this will

answer

excessive the new weak memories and strengthen them (skimming doesn't work for retention)

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make material personally meaningful to

answer

build a network of retrieval cues (extensive notes, ask yourself questions)

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to remember a list of unfamiliar objects use

answer

mnemonic devices (associate items with peg words, use acronyms, create images)

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to build a network of retrieval cues

answer

take extensive notes, ask yourself questions

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associating items with peg words, using acronyms, creating images are all

answer

mnemonic devices

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refresh your memory by activating

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retrieval cues

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how do you activate retrieval cues

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by recreating the mood and atmosphere of the learning, jog your memory to this place and feeling

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recall events that are fresh because

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then you don't need to worry about possible misinformation

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minimize inference by

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studying before sleep, and don't study similar subjects you could mix up at the same time

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Test your knowledge or rehearse it to help

answer

determine what you don't know

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what are the two types of sensory memory

answer

iconic and echoic

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register and some information of visual images via

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iconic memory (in which pictures last no more then 2 tenth of a second)

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register and store sounds via

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echoic memory (where echoes of auditory emery may linger as long as 3-4 seconds)

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without rehearsal information disappears within

answer

seconds from short term memory and is forgottten

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we can only focus on and process about

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7 items of info action at one time (from memory or new)

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our capacity for storing information permanently in long term memory is

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unlimited

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an experience strengthens the

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pathways between neurons. synapses transmit signals more efficiently.

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sending neurons in pathways between neurons release neurotransmitters more quickly, receiving neurons may develop additional receptors increasing their ability to detect the incoming neurotransmitters in the processes know as

answer

long term potentiation LTP

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the neural basis for learning and memory is

answer

LTP (long term potentiation)

question

by enabling the production of extra glucose, which fuels brain activity, stress hormones can

answer

alert the brain to important events

question

the amygdala, arises brain areas that

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process emotion

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the emotion processing structuring in the brains lambic system is called the

answer

amygdala

question

we are not often aware of the memory's of our own skills and operantly and classically conditioned responses, hat type of memory

answer

implicit (procedural) memories

question

implicit (procedural) memories are processed in part by the

answer

cerebellum, near the brain stem

question

we consciously recall out general knowledge, specific facts and personally experienced events, which are what type of memory

answer

explicit (declarative) memories

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explicit (declarative) memories are processed in

answer

various subregions of the hippocampus (I neural center in the limbic system) and sent for storage in other areas in the brain

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explicit and implicit memory systems are dependent or independent

answer

independent

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damage to the hippocampus may destroy the ability to

answer

form new memories, but without destroying older memories or the ability to form new implicit memories

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what type of question tests recall

answer

fill in the blank

question

the ability to retrieve not in conscious awareness is

answer

recall

question

the ability to identify items previously Learned

answer

recognition

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what type of question tests recognition.

answer

multiple choice

question

the ability to master previously learned material more quickly then u origins not learned ir

answer

relearning

question

buts of related information we encode while processing a target piece of information linked in some way to the target, becoming part of a web of associations

answer

retrieval cues

question

when a association bit (retrieval cue) catches pout attention it is as if we are

answer

pulling on a web of associations, retrieving target information into our conscious awe mess

question

the process of activating associations to retrieve information is called

answer

priming

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The context in which we originally experience an event or encoded a thought can food our memories with

answer

retrieval cues leading us to the target memory

question

if we are in a different context then the original event that is very similar to the original we may have

answer

déjà vu, as many of these cues return and trick us into unconsciously retrieving the target memory

question

specific states or emotions can prime us to recall events that are

answer

associated with those states or emorions

question

while Ina. good mood we tend to retire ice memories

answer

consistent with the happy state

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when depressed we more easily recall

answer

negative memories

question

moods also prime us to interpret others behavior in ways that are

answer

consistent with our emotions

question

without the ability to forget we would be

answer

overwhelmed by out of dat and irrelevant information

question

our memory can fail us through

answer

forgetting (absent mindedness, transience, blocking) distortion (misattribution, suggestibility, bias) intrusion (persistence of unwanted memories)

question

what's we encode, weather automatically or through effortful processing is

answer

a very limited portion of the sensory stimulus around us

question

as we a gem encoding becomes

answer

slower and less efficient

question

without encoding informations

answer

do not enter our long term memory store and can not be retrieved

question

ebbinghaus determined that the course of forgetting is

answer

initially rapid and then levels off with time, (forgetting curve)

question

forgetting curve

answer

the course of forgetting is Paris but then levels off

question

in proactive interference something we learned in the past

answer

interferes with air ability to recall something we have recently learned

question

in retroactive interference something we have recently learned

answer

interferes with something we learned in the past

question

when this semesters Spanish vocab interferes with last semesters French vocab, which type of interference has taken place

answer

retrospective

question

when a friend's old oh one number interferes with the friends new phone numbers which type of interference has taken place

answer

proactive

question

Freud believed with banish thoughts related to

answer

anxiety this is called repression

question

in frauds repression view, the forgotten memories are

answer

available for retrieval under the right conditions

question

many psychologists believe that repression frequent or rarely occurs

answer

rarely

question

memories are not stored or retreaded as exact copies of our experiences instead we construct our memories using both

answer

stored and new information

question

if people are exposed to misinformation after an event and they repeatedly imagine and rehearse an even that never occured they may

answer

encore rate it into their memory as if it actually happened

question

stress,LTP, brain circuits, automatic processing, electric current or head injury, storage decay are all

answer

biological influences memory

question

rehearsal, context events, priming, mood, stress, encoding and organizing strategies, retrieval interference, memory construction are all

answer

cognitive/psychological influences on memory

question

misinformation effect, flashbulb memory for important events, level of implied importance, source amnesia u are all

answer

social cultural effects on memory

question

when we process memories we encode and store them in

answer

different parts of the brain

question

misinformation effects and source amnesia are the two

answer

main components of false memories

question

source amnesia happens when

answer

during retrieval we successfully retrieve something we heard, read, and imagined but contribute it to the wrong source

question

false and real memories are equally

answer

durable, neither the sincerity or longevity of a memory signifies that it is real

question

true memories contain more details then imagined ones, which tend to be

answer

the gist of an event (the meaning and feelings associated with it)

question

very young children's reports of abuse are reliable? what is a supporting argument

answer

can accurately recall events and the people I voiced if a neural person talks to them with words they can understand and asks non leading questions and used the cognitive interview technique what th child said is probably reliable

question

very young children's reports of abuse are reliable? what is a rejecting argument

answer

more suspect able then older children or adults, and can be induced through suggestive questions to report false events

question

psychologists motivated to protect abused children and wrongly accused adults tend to agree that (list7)

answer

innocent people are falsely accused, guilty people accuse bad memory abuse happens and leaves scars forgetting events happens recoding events is common, do we repress memories? memories retained under hypnosis and drugs are unreliable infantile amnesia means infantile memories are highly unlikely real and false memories Can cause suffering

question

memory includes long term memory, sensory memory, and working/short term memory, what is the correct order of these

answer

sensory, working/short term, long term

question

what would be the most effective strategy to learn and retain a list of names of key historical figures for a week? year?

answer

week: make them personally memorable year: over learn the list and space out rehearsal over the course of several weeks

question

ur friends says her father experienced Brian damage in an accident, she wonders if psychology can explain why he can play checkers well but can't hold a sensible conversation, what can u tell her?

answer

explicit(declarative) memories differ form our implicit memories of skills and procedures such as checkers. our implicit memories are processed by more ancient brain areas which apparently escaped damage during the accident

question

what is priming

answer

activation of associations, seeing a gun may make a person see an ambiguous face a dangerous or a boss as bad, although the perks not might not remember the gun, they way they interpret or recall and event might be primed

question

can u offer an example of proactive interference

answer

learning the names of people in ur first class may cause u to have trouble learning names in ur future classes

question

what, given the commonality of source amnesia, might life be like if we remembered all our waking experiences and all our dreams

answer

real would be confused with dreams. when meeting someone we might be unsure if we're reacting to something they did or something we dreamed they did,

question

what are the recommended memory strategies

answer

rehearsing, spend more time thinking about it, study repeatedly, make personal, mnemonic decided, retrieval cues, recall when fresh before misinformation, minimize interference, test knowledge to rehearse and learn what u do snd do not knows

question

stimuli from the environment is first recorded in

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sensory memory

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George sperling found that when people were briefly shown three rows of letters they recalled

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about half of them

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when sperling sounded a tone immediately after a row of letters were flashed to indicate which letters where to be recalled the subject were much

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more accurate then when no tone was sounded

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the fact people remembered when a tone was sounded to indicate what row of letter was to be remembered indicates that people

answer

have a brief photographic or iconic memory, lasting about a few ten the of a second

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sensory memory for sounds is called

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echoic memory

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echoic memory fades

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Less rapidly then photographic memory, lasting for as long as 3-4 seconds

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when rehearsal was prevented by asking subjects to count backward, memory for letters

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was gone after 12 seconds

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without active processing short term memories have

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limited life

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our short term memory capacity is about

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7 chunks of information

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who discovered that our short term memory capacity is about 7 chunks of information

answer

George miller

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short term memory for random digits is slightly better then

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for random letters

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memory for information we hear is somewhat

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better then for information we see

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children and adults have short term recall for roughly we many words as theu can speak in

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2 seconds

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in contrast to short term memory the capacity of permanent memory is

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limitless

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penfields electrically stimulated patients do not provide reliable evidence that out so tried memories are

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precious and durable (do not provides)

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psychologists cashly attempted to locate memory but cutting out pieces of rats cortexes after they learning a maze, he found that no matter where he cut the rats

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remembered the maze

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it is likely that forgetting occurs because

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new experiences interfere with our retrieval of old information and the physical memory trace decays with the passage of time

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researchers believe that me,let involves a strengthening of

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certain neural connections which occurs at the synapse between neurons

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Kendal and schwartzs have found that when learning it occurs the sea snail aplysia's brain releases more or a

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neurotransmitter called serotonin making synapses more efficient

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after learning has occurred a sending neuron needs

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less prompting to fire and the number of receptor cited it stimulate increases

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after learning has occurred a sending neuron needs less prompting to fire and the number of receptor cited it stimulate increases, this phenomenon is called

answer

long term potentiation, may be the neural basis for learning and memory

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long term potentiation may be the neural basis for

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learning and memory

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blocking long term potentiation with specific drugs, or with genetic engineering causing the absence of enzymes, mag

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interfering with leaning

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rats given drugs to increase LTP (long term potentiation) will learn a maze

answer

faster

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drugs that boost production of the protein CREB or the neurotransmitter glutamate, may

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enhance memory

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after LTP has occurred, an electric current passed through the brain will not

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disrupt old memories and will wipe out recent experiences

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two emotion processing clusters int he amygdala increase

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activity in the Brian's memory forming areas

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drugs that block the effects of stress hormones disrupt

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memories of emotional events

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prolonged stress may cause the hippocampus that is vital for laying down memories e to

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shrink

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the hypo campus is vital

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for laying down memories

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the loss of memory is called

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amnesia

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studies of people who have lost their memory suggest that Is not a

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single unified system of memory

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amnesia victims typically do not lose their

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capacity for learning (implicit memory)

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amnesia victims are typically not able to

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declare their memory (explicit memory)

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amnesia patients typically have suffered damage to the

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hippocampus if their limbic system

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the hypocampus is important in the processing and storage of

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explicit memorys

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damage to the left side of the hippocampus impairs memory for

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verbal memory

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damage to the right of the hippocampus

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impairs memory of designs and locations

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damage to the rear part of the hippocampus processes

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spatial memory

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the hippocampus seems to function as a zone where the brain

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temporarily stores the elements of memory (but memories are stored elsewhere

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the hippocampus is active during slow wave sleep,because

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memories are processes for later retrieval

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recalling past experiences activates various parts of the

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frontal and temporal lobe

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the cerebellum is important in the processing of

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implicit memories

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the dual explicit-implicit system helps explain

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infantile amnesia

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we do not have explicit memories of our first 3 years because

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the hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature

question

stimuli form the environment is first recorded in

answer

sensory memory

question

George sperling found that when people were briefly shown three rows of letters they recalled

answer

about half of them

question

when sperling sounded a tone immediately after a row of letters were flashed to indicate which letters where to be recalled the subject were much

answer

more accurate then when no tone was sounded

question

the fact people remembered when a tone was sounded to indicate what row of letter was to be remembered indicates that people

answer

have a brief photographic or iconic memory, lasting about a few ten the of a second

question

sensory memory for sounds is called

answer

echoic memory

question

echoic memory fades

answer

Less rapidly then photographic memory, lasting for as long as 3-4 seconds

question

when rehearsal was prevented by asking subjects to count backward, memory for letters

answer

was gone after 12 seconds

question

without active processing short term memories have

answer

limited life

question

our short term memory capacity is about

answer

7 chunks of information

question

who discovered that our short term memory capacity is about 7 chunks of information

answer

George miller

question

short term memory for random digits is slightly better then

answer

for random letters

question

memory for information we hear is somewhat

answer

better then for information we see

question

children and adults have short term recall for roughly we many words as theu can speak in

answer

2 seconds

question

in contrast to short term memory the capacity of permanent memory is

answer

limitless

question

penfields electrically stimulated patients do not provide reliable evidence that out so tried memories are

answer

precious and durable (do not provides)

question

psychologists cashly attempted to locate memory but cutting out pieces of rats cortexes after they learning a maze, he found that no matter where he cut the rats

answer

remembered the maze

question

it is likely that forgetting occurs because

answer

new experiences interfere with our retrieval of old information and the physical memory trace decays with the passage of time

question

the ability to retrieve information not in conscious aweness is called

answer

recall

question

bah rick found that 25 yr after graduation people were not able to

answer

recall the names of classmates

question

bah rick found that 25 yr after graduation people were able to

answer

recognize 90% of their names in yearbook pictures

question

if you have learned Somthing Nd then forgotten it, you will probably be able to

answer

learn it more quickly then u originally did

question

the process by which associations can lead too retrieval is called

answer

priming

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the best retrieval cues come from the associations formed at the time we

answer

encode a memory

question

studies have shown that retention is best when

answer

learning and testing are done in the same contexts

question

the type of memory in which emotions serve as retrieval cues is referred to as

answer

state dependent memory

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our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with out current emotional state is cslled

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mood congruent memory

question

people who are currently depressed may recall their parents as

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rejecting/guilt promoting/punitive

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people who have recovered from depression typically recall their pRents as about the same as do people

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who never experienced depression

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moods also influence how we interpret

answer

other people's emotions

question

without the ability to forget we would constantly

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be overwhelmed by informstion

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memory researcher Daniel Schafer has identified the Sven sins of memory , divid into three categories in which our memory can fail, these are

answer

the three sins of forgetting, the three sins or distraction, and the sin of intrusion

question

the first type of forgetting is caused by

answer

encoding failure

question

encoding failure occurs because some of the information the we sense never

answer

becomes long term memory

question

one reason for age related memory decline is that the Brian areas responsible for enforcing new information are

answer

less responsive in older adults

question

studies by ebbinghaus and bah rick indicate that most forgetting occurss

answer

soon after the material is learned

question

of forgetting material soon after leaning it is know as

answer

forgetting curve

question

the forgetting curve may be caused by

answer

the gradual fading of physical memory trace

question

when information that is stored in memory temporarily cannot be found what type of failure has occured

answer

failure

question

research suggests that memories are also lost as a result of

answer

interference

question

if we simultaneously learn similar new material it is likely

answer

interference will occur

question

the disruptive effects of previous learning on current material is

answer

proactive interference

question

the disruptive effective of learning new material on efforts to recall material previously learned is called

answer

retroactive interference

question

Jenkins and dallanbach found that if subjects went to sleep after leaning their memory for a nonsense list was

answer

better then if they stayed awake

question

In some cases old information facilitates our learning of new information, this is called

answer

positive transfer

question

Freud proposed that motivated forgetting or repression may protect a person form

answer

painful memories

question

increasing numbers of memory researchers think that motivated forgetting is

answer

less common then Freud believed

question

emotions and their associated stress hormones generally

answer

strengthen memories

question

research has shown that recall of an event is influenced by

answer

past experiences and present assumptions

question

the workings of past experiences and present assumptions illustrate the process of

answer

memory reconstruction

question

when whitness to an event receive misleading information about it they may experience a

answer

misinformation effect and misremember the event

question

a number of experiments have demonstrated that false memories can be created when

answer

people are induced to imagine non existent events,

question

people who believe false memories created by imagination have experienced

answer

imagination inflation

question

people who believe they have recovered memories of an alien abductiin and chill sex abuse tend to have

answer

powerful imaginations (false memories)

question

at the heart of many false memories is

answer

source amnesia

question

source amnesia occured when we

answer

attribute an event of the wrong source

question

the persistence of a memory, does not reveal

answer

weather or not it derives from an actual experience

question

real memories are more

answer

detailed

question

false gist memories are more

answer

durable

question

eyewitnesses confidence in their memories is not related to

answer

their accuracy

question

memory construction explains why merits refreshed under hypnosis are

answer

often inaccurate

question

research studies of children's eyewitnesses recall recall that

answer

preschooler are more suggestible then older children or adults

question

weather a child produced an accurate eyewitness memory depend heavily on

answer

how he or she is questioned

question

children are most accurate when it is a first interview with a

answer

neutral persons who asks nonleading questions

question

researchers increasingly agree that memories obtained under the influence of hypnosis or drugs are

answer

not reliable

question

memories of events that happened before. age 3 are

answer

unreliable

question

memories are unreliable before.3 and this event I is called

answer

infantile amnesia

question

memory construction makes it clear that memory is best understood knot only as a

answer

cognitive and biological event but also a social cultural phenominon

question

the SQ3R study technique identifys 5 stratified for boosting memory

answer

survey, question, read, revise, review

question

fill in the blank test questions are to multiple choice questions as

answer

recall is to recognition

question

the delay between the information to memorize and then recall is longer and therefore the Information learned is

answer

very little, and usually the first few items are remembered (if delay is shorter then first and last items are remembered)

question

Darren was asked to memories a list of letters that included: v,q,y,j. he recalled these letter as, e, u, i, k, suggesting the original letter had been encoded in what way

answer

acoustically, bc each mistake is based on sound confusion

question

after finding her old combination lock Jo can't remember it's combination bc she keeps confusing it with the combination of her new look, she is experiencing

answer

retroactive

question

if u wanted to minimize interference induced forgetting in orde to improve ur recall what order should u study in

answer

study, sleep, test

question

being in a bad mood after a hard day of work, susan could pthink of nothing positive in her life, this is explained by

answer

mood congruent memory

question

in an effort to remeebr the name of the classmate who sat behind her in 5th grader martins mentally recited the names of other classmates who sat near her, Martina's effort to refresh her memory by activating related associations is an example of

answer

priming

question

walking through the the halls of his hihgschool 10 yrs after graduation Tom experienced a flood of old memories. toms expirence showed the role of

answer

context effect

question

state dependent memory is related to

answer

mood

question

the firs thing Karen did when she discovered that she misplaced her keys was to recreate her days events, she had little difficulty doing so, demonstrating

answer

automatic processing

question

rememeberjng what u did in 9-11 is an example of what kind of memory

answer

flashbulb memory

question

when Carlos was promoted he moved into his new office with a new phone extension. every time he is asked for his ohine number he thinks Of his old extension, illustrating the effects of

answer

proactive interference

question

elderly mrs Flanagan a retired electrician can easily remember how to wire a light switch by no the name of the president. evidently he what? memory is better then his what? memory

answer

implicit is better then explicit

question

although u can't recall the answer to a question on ur psych midterm u have a clear mental image of e textbook page, evidently ur visual encoding of the answer was what?

answer

automatic

question

at ur high school reunion u cannot remember ur last name of ur homeroom teacher. this failure to remembered is most likely the result of

answer

retrieve failure

question

Brenda has trouble rememeberjng her new five digit ZIP plus 4 digit address code, what is the expat inaction of her difficultly

answer

9 digits are at or above a persons limit of most people short term memory

question

hat number is at or above a persons digit memory

answer

9

question

Lewis con not rmemebr the steaks of the torture he experienc as a prisoner of warm according to Friedman Lewis failure to remember dthese painful memories is an example of

answer

repression

question

although elderly Hans with Alzheimer's disease has many gaps in memory she invents sensible accounts of her activities so her family will not worry, demonstrating

answer

the constructive nature of memory

question

to help him remember the order of the ingredients in difficult receives, master chef associates them with the route he walks to work was day, he is using th mnemonic technique of

answer

method of loci

question

peg word system involved developing

answer

associations between rhyming works in a jingle

question

during basketball practice Jan's head as painfully elbowed, if the trauma to her Brian disrupts her memory we would expect that jab wiudk most likely forget

answer

the name of the play in which she was elbowed

question

blows to the head usually disrupt

answer

the most recent memories (not old or following memories)

question

after damage to the hippocampus someone would most likely

answer

lose the ability to store new facts

question

when jake was 8, he was questioned by police about a counselor suspected or molesting children. he was not molested by now at 19 urs old he remembered the counselor touching him inappropriately , what sin of memory caused his false memory

answer

suggestability

question

when jake was 8, he was questioned by police about a counselor suspected or molesting children. he was molested but did not remember, now at 19 urs old he remembered the counselor touching him inappropriately , what sin of memory caused his memory to come back and be lost

answer

transience

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