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The two types of cells of the nervous system are

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neurons and neuroglia

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Neuron cell processes responsible for transmitting impulses away from the cell body are called

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axons

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The space between neurons is a

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synapse

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The nervous system

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detects changes in the internal or external environment, controls the movement of muscles, regulates secretion, integrates information from several sources and uses it to respond appropriately.

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__ convert information into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the CNS.

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sensory receptors

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Sensory receptors

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monitor light, monitor sound, are part of the PNS, detect changes in and outside the body.

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_________ support the axon from within.

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Neurofibrils

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Every neuron has

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a cell body

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A neuron may have

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one axon and many dendrites

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What is unique to neurons?

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chromatophilic substance

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Synaptic knobs are at the ends of

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axons

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Myelin

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comprises much of the cell membrane of Schwann cells.

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A myelinated nerve fiber is ______, whereas an unmyelinated nerve fiber is ______.

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white, and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord; gray, and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord

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Most of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are

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multipolar

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What is a type of neuroglia?

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Astrocyte, oligondendrocyte, ependymal cell, schwann cell.

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Which cells produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord?

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Oligodendrocytes

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Which cell is only found in the PNS?

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Schwann cell

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Dendrites on unipolar neurons are part of

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sensory neurons

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A reason that the CNS and PNS differ in their ability to regenerate after injury is that

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axons of the CNS lack neurilemmae

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Clusters of neuron cell bodies are called

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ganglia

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Presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters by

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exocytosis

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Transmitting a nerve impulse from one neuron to another involves a

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nerve impulse stimulating a presynaptic axon to release a neurotransmitter into a synaptic cleft.

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A stimulus great enough to change the membrane potential and propagate an action potential is said to have reached _________.

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threshold

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When a nerve fiber is polarized, the concentration of

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Na+ is higher on the outside of the membrane and K+ is higher on the inside.

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Saltatory conduction

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is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber.

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Which of the following ions cross cell membranes most readily?

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Potassium

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If a resting potential becomes more negative, the membrane is

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hyperpolarizing

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What is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential? 1. The membrane depolarizes. 2. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward. 3. The membrane repolarizes. 4. Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward.

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2,1,4,3

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Each neuron in the CNS receives input from

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thousands of axons

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The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle contraction is

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acetylcholine

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Drugs that increase the actions of norepinephrine and/or serotonin by keeping them in synapses longer are most likely used to treat

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clinical depression

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During an action potential, calcium ions cause

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sodium channels to close

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The types of neurons that are organized into neuronal pools are

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interneurons

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Convergence refers to

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axons from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contacting the same neuron.

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Diverging axons amplify an impulse by

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contacting many neurons.

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An immune response that triggers inflammation of the spinal cord and brain, leaving scars is

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multiple sclerosis

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Marjorie takes an anti-anxiety drug so that she can sleep better and remain calm enough to study effectively. She begins by taking 25 milligrams every evening, but within a month, this dose is no longer helping, so she takes two pills. After another month, this dosage is no longer effective. This is happening because

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the number of receptors to which the drug binds on neurons has declined.

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The neurotransmitter most likely produced when a person uses a drug that creates a sense of well-being is

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dopamine

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A nerve is a single neuron that transmits nerve impulses.

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False

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Neuroglia are specialized to react to environmental change, and neurons support neuroglia.

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False

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The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system.

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True

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Sensory receptors are part of the CNS.

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False

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Axon branches are called collaterals.

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True

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Nodes of Ranvier lie between neurons.

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False

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The space between neurons is called the neuronal space.

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False

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During the absolute refractory period, a stimulus of high intensity may trigger a nerve impulse.

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False

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In convergence, two or more incoming fibers contact a single neuron, whereas in divergence, impulses leaving a neuron pass into several output fibers.

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True

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Muscles and glands that respond to nerve impulses are called _______.

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effectors

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A(n) ______ is the junction between neurons.

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synapse

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The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a polarized neuron cell membrane is called the ______ ______.

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resting potential

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A series of similar stimuli that increases change in local membrane potential is called _______.

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summation

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The somatic nervous system controls voluntary activities.

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True

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has two processes (one axon, one dendrite)

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Bipolar neuron

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lie within the brain or spinal cord and form links between other neurons

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Interneuron

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carry impulses out of the CNS to effector cells

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motor neuron

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has many processes arising from their cell body (one axon, many dendrites)

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multipolar neuron

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carry impulses from peripheral body parts to the CNS

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sensory neuron

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Has a single process extending from its cell body

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unipolar neuron

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structural support, formation of scar tissue, transport substances between neurons and blood vessels

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astrocytes

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form layer through which substances diffuse between interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord and cererbrospinal fluid

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ependymal cells

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phagocytosis

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microglial cells

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form myelin sheath in brain and spinal cord

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Oligodendrocytes

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support ganglia in the PNS

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satellite cells

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speed neurotransmission

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Schwann cells

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creates sense of well being

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norepinephrine

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memory/vasodilation

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nitric oxide

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promotes alertness

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histamine

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pain perception(excitatory)

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substance P

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sleepiness

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serotonin

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pain reduction

answer

Enkephalins

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