question

Canadian Industrial Heartland

answer

Canada has a sizable manufacturing sector, centred in Central Canada, with the automobile industry especially important.

question

Cottage Industry

answer

manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution.

question

Industrial Regions (Place, Fuel Source, Characteristics)

answer

Place: based on environmental considerations and the cost effectiveness of the location for the Industry Fuel Source: a material used to produce heat or power by burning. Important when considering a industry's location. Characteristics: refers to a region with extremely dense industry. It is usually heavily urbanized.

question

Industrial Revolution

answer

a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

question

Major Manufacturing Regions

answer

Eastern United States, Mexico, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and East Asia. These regions are the leaders in industry and therefore significant to geography.

question

Agglomeration

answer

a snowballing geographical process by which secondary through quinary industrial activities become clustered in cities and compact industrial regions in order to share infrastructure and markets.

question

Agglomeration Economies

answer

the savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores.

question

Aluminum Industry (Factors of Production, Location)

answer

Massive charges of electricity are required to extract aluminum from its processed raw material, aluminum oxide. Electrical power amounts for between 30% and 40% of the cost of producing the aluminum and is the major variable cost influencing plant location in the industry. The Kitimat plant on the west coast of Canada or the Bratsk plant near Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia are examples of industry placed far from raw material sources or market but close to vast supplies of cheap power--- in these instances, hydroelectricity.

question

Apparel

answer

an article of clothing.

question

Bid-Rent Theory

answer

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

question

Break of Bulk Point

answer

a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

question

Carrier Efficiency

answer

air shipment is the quickest form but most expensive way; shipping by ship is the cheapest way and can carry the most over a long distance.

question

Comparative Advantage

answer

the principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists; the ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers.

question

Cumulative Causation

answer

contributing factor to uneven development; occurs when money flows to areas of greatest profit, places where development has already been focused, rather than to places of greatest need; a process through which tendencies for economic growth are self-reinforcing; an expression of the multiplier effect, it tends to favor major cities and core regions over less-advantaged peripheral regions.

question

Deglomeration

answer

the movement of activity, usually industry, away from areas of concentration.

question

Economies of Scale

answer

reduction in cost per unit resulting from increased production, realized through operational efficiencies. Economies of scale can be accomplished because as production increases, the cost of producing each additional unit falls.

question

Ecotourism

answer

a form of tourism pursued by many ecologically concerned perople, who visit regions having pristine ecosystems and, in the process, to inflict no environmental damage.

question

Entrepot

answer

a port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution.

question

Export Processing Zone

answer

a Customs area where one is allowed to import plant, machinery, equipment and material for the manufacture of export goods under security, without payment of duty.

question

Ferrous

answer

metals, including iron, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel.

question

Fixed Costs

answer

an activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output; an input cost that is spatially constant.

question

Footloose Industry

answer

a general term for an industry that can be placed and located at any location without affect from factors such as resources or transport.

question

Growth Poles

answer

economic development, or growth, is not uniform over an entire region, but instead takes place around a specific pole.

question

Industrial Location Theory

answer

the theory that profit of a business is maximized by choosing a location where production costs are lowest as well as land is cheapest and the distance from the market is the smallest. This is important to geography because it is used to describe why many businesses choose their locations in a given area and is key for describing complicated dynamics of industry.

question

Industry (Receding, Growing)

answer

Receding: industry is diminishing in size and importance Growing: industry is increasing in size and importance.

question

Infrastructure

answer

the basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along with water, power, and other public utilities.

question

Labor Intensive

answer

an industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

question

Least-Cost Location

answer

a site chosen for industrial development where total costs are theoretically at their lowest, as opposed to location at the point of maximum revenue.

question

Nonferrous

answer

metals utilized to make products other than iron or steel.

question

Market Orientation

answer

the tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs.

question

Multiplier Effect

answer

an effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

question

Resource Crisis

answer

future shortages of non-renewable energy sources with increased demand, solvable by use of renewable energy.

question

Resource Orientation

answer

tendency for an industry or other type of economic activity to locate close to its resources (Ex. coal industry).

question

Site Factors

answer

location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital.

question

Situation Factors

answer

location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

question

Special Economic Zones (China)

answer

In 1979, the Chinese government set up these zones on the coast near Macao, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Improved transportation, lower taxes, and other incentives attracted investments from foreign businesses. They helped stimulate innovation and helped China grow economically.

question

Specialized Economic Zones

answer

specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment.

question

Substitution Principle

answer

maintains that the correct location of a production facility is where the net profit is the greatest. Therefore in industry, there is a tendency to substitute one factor of production (e.g., labor) for another (e.g., capital for automated equipment) in order to achieve optimum plant location.

question

Textile

answer

a fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing.

question

Threshold/Range

answer

Threshold: the minimum number of people needed to support a service. Range: the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

question

Time-Space Compression

answer

an influence on the rate of expansion diffusion of an idea, observing that the spread or acceptance of an idea is usually delayed as distance from the source of the innovation increases.

question

Trade (Complementarity)

answer

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services.

question

Transnational Corporation

answer

a company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

question

Ubiquitous

answer

the state of being everywhere at any given time.

question

Variable Costs

answer

costs that change directly with the amount of production.

question

Weber, Alfred

answer

was a German economist, sociologist and theoretician of culture whose work was influential in the development of modern economic geography. Created a theory of industrial location.

question

Weight Gaining/Bulk-Gaining Industry

answer

an industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

question

Weight Losing/Bulk-Losing Industry

answer

an industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs

question

World Cities

answer

a city whose socioeconomics impact the entire world. For example, has Corporate headquarters for multinational corporations and financial institution, Active influence on international events.• A large population within the city• Hosting headquarters for international entities (NATO, World Bank), First Name Familiarity• Renowned Cultural Institutions• Well developed transportation.

question

Cottage industry

answer

Home-based manufacturing

question

Industrial regions

answer

Many in Europe, North America, and Asia; account for a lot of the world's industrial output

question

Major manufacturing regions

answer

Eastern United States, Mexico, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and East Asia

question

Agglomeration

answer

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources

question

Agglomeration economies

answer

economies of scale resulting from the concentration of people and production in urban areas

question

Aluminum industry

answer

this industry has to comply with clean air rules while still trying to make the most money possible in their production

question

Apparel

answer

Clothing

question

Bid rent theory

answer

a geographical theory that refers to how the price and demand on land changes as the distance towards the CBD increases or decreases; suggests that only commercial landlords can afford the land within the CBD

question

Break-of-bulk point

answer

A location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets

question

Carrier efficiency

answer

speeed and cost of forms of transportation

question

Comparative advantage

answer

the ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers

question

Cumulative causation

answer

multiple changes are set in motion by one even

question

Deglomeration

answer

The dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration

question

Economies of scale

answer

Characterizes a production process in which an increase in the scale of the firm causes a decrease in the long run average cost of each unit

question

Ecotourism

answer

A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way

question

Entrepot

answer

a trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties

question

Export processing zone

answer

Areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries

question

Ferrous

answer

Contains iron

question

Fixed costs

answer

Expenses that do not change in proportion to the activity of a business

question

Footloose industry

answer

Manufacturing activities in which cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for determining the location of the industry

question

Growth poles

answer

urban center with certain attributes that, if augmented by investment, will stimulate regional economic development

question

Industrial location theory

answer

A concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the costs of transport and labor, and the relative advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration

question

Receding industry

answer

industry is diminishing in size and importance

question

Growing industry

answer

industry is increasing in size and importance

question

Infrastructure

answer

A collective term that refers to public works such as a system of highways, railroads, and airports

question

Labor-intensive

answer

An industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses

question

Least-cost location

answer

A concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the costs of transport and labor, and the relative advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration

question

Nonferrous

answer

Does not contain iron

question

Market orientation

answer

a philosophy that assumes that a sale does not depend on an aggressive sales force but rather on a customer's decision to purchase product; it is synonymous with the marketing concept

question

Multiplier effect

answer

an effect in which increased spending produces an increase in revenue greater than the initial amount spent

question

Resource crisis

answer

When resources for a national or global market run low

question

Resource orientation

answer

tendency for an industry or other type of economic activity to locate close to its resources

question

Site factors

answer

involve the physical characteristics of an area

question

Situation factors

answer

involve characteristics relative to a specific area or place

question

Specialized economic zones

answer

specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

question

Substitution principle

answer

transition to a more environmentally friendly product

question

Textile

answer

Woven fabric

question

Threshold/range

answer

The population required to make provision of services economically feasible or the minimum market needed to support the supply of a product or service

question

Time-space compression

answer

through processes such as globalization time is accelerated and the significance of space is reduced

question

Trade (complementarity)

answer

the idea that one country(country A) can produce products that another country (country B) can't; the other country (country B) will then trade for those products with its own products that the other country (country A) can't produce

question

Transnational corporation

answer

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located

question

Ubiquitous

answer

Something's ability to be found anywhere at any time

question

Variable costs

answer

expenses that change with the number of products produced

question

Alfred Weber

answer

Creator of the model that states that the optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization

question

Weight gaining industry

answer

Makes something that gains volume or weight during production

question

Weight loosing industry

answer

An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products

question

World cities

answer

A group of cities that form an interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance and commerce

question

Acid rain

answer

When acids dissolved in water are in rain, snow, or fog

question

Air pollution

answer

pollution of the atmosphere

question

Acid deposition

answer

Tiny droplets of sulfuric acid and nitric acid form and return to earths surface

question

Biochemical oxygen demand

answer

The oxygen consumed by the decomposing organic waste

question

Chlorofluorocarbon

answer

Synthetic organic compounds first created in the 1950s and primarily used as refrigerants and as propellants; involvement in the destruction of the ozone layer led to the signing of the Montreal Protocol

question

Greenhouse effect

answer

warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere

question

Non point-source pollution

answer

Comes from a large, diffuse area

question

Photochemical smog

answer

Forms in the presence of sunlight, hydrocarbons, as well as nitrogen oxides; causes respiratory problems, stinging in the eyes, and an ugly haze over cities

question

Point-source pollution

answer

Enters a body of water at a specific location

question

Ozone

answer

layer in the upper atmosphere located between 30 and 45 kilometers above the Earth's surface; acts as a filter for the Sun's harmful UV rays

question

Ozone depletion

answer

thinning of Earth's ozone layer caused by CFC's leaking into the air and reacting chemically with the ozone, breaking the ozone molocules apart

question

Sanitary landfill

answer

Disposal site for non-hazardous solid waste that is spread in layers and compacted to the smallest practical volume

question

Assembly line production/fordism

answer

System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford

question

Deindustrialization

answer

Loss of industrial activity in a region

question

International division of labor

answer

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries

question

Just-in-time delivery

answer

occurs when the factory is located close to market and supplier to reduce need for stalk items and supplies

question

Maquiladoras

answer

Plants in Mexico near US border

question

New international division of labor

answer

The selective transfer of some jobs to developing countries

question

Outsourcing

answer

Sending industrial processes out for external production

question

Post-fordist production

answer

Sometimes used to describe lean production; contrast to fordist production

question

Postindustrial

answer

of or relating to a society or economy marked by a lessened importance of manufacturing and an increase of services, information, and research

question

Right-to-work law

answer

Requires a factory to maintain a so-called "open shop" and prohibits a "closed shop"

question

Topocide

answer

Deliberate killing of a place through inddustrial expansion and change so its landscape is destroyed

question

Vertical integration

answer

Outsourcing contrasts with the approach typical of traditional mass production; country controls all phases of a highly complex production process

Ap Human Geography Vocabulary: Chapter 11 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards