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Industrial Revolution

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Social & economic change that began in England in the 1760s when the machines replaced human labor and new sources of inanimate energy were tapped.

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Least Cost Theory

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Alfred Weber's theory of industrial location, explaining and predicting where industries will locate based on cost analysis of transportation, labor, and agglomeration factors.

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Secondary industries

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Economic activities related to processing raw materials into finished products of great value.

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Substitution principle

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Asserts that an industry will choose to move to access lower labor costsdespite higher transportation costs.

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Location Theory

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A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing area are interrelated.

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Friction of distance

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Based on the notion that the time and cost increase with increase in distance.

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Infrastructure

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The basic physical organizational structure needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

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Agglomeration

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Clumping together of industries for mutual advantage.

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Break-of-bulk

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A location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another.

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Comparative advantage

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Ability of a country(or place) to produce a good or offer a service better than another country can.

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Growth role

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An urban center with certain attributes that, if augmented by a measure of investment support, will stimulate regional economic develpment in its hinterland.

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Maquiladora

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Special economic zone on Mexico's northern border with the United States.

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NAFTA

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The North American Free Trade Agreement; creating free trade between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico; provides for the tariff-free movement of goods and products etc.

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Special economic zone

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Region offering special tax breaks, eased environmental restrictions, and incentives to attract foreign business and investment.

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Globalization

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The expansion of economic, political, and cultural activities to the point that they become global in scale and impact.

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Fordism

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A highly organized and specialized system for organizing industrial production and labor(includes the assembly-line).

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Foreign direct investment

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Investment by a multinational corporation in a foreign country's economy.

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High-technology corridors

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Place were technology and computer industries agglomerate.

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Manufacturing export zones

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A feature of economic development in peripheral countries whereby the host country establishes area with favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements in order to attract foreign operations.

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New International division of labor

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Division of the manufacturing process across serveral countries, wherein different pieces of the procuct are made in different countries, and then the pieces are assembled in yet another country.

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Technolopole

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Centers or nodes of high-technology research and activity around which a high-tech corridor is sometimes established.

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Time-space compression

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A term associated with the work of David Harvey that refers to the social and psychological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity.

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Time-space convergence

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A term coined by Donald Janelle that refers to the greatly accerlerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the 20th century made possible by technological innovations in transportation and communications.

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Core-periphery model

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A model that describes how economic, political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions.

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Core region

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The centers of economic, political, and/or cultural power within a given territorial entity.

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Dependency theory

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Theory that exemplifies the structuralist perspective, arguing that the political and economic relations among countries limit the ability of less developed countries to modernize and develop.

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Developed country

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Countries that have a high level of development according to same criteria.

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Developing country

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A country that has often low standards of democratic governments, industrialization, social programs, and human rights guarantees for its citizens.

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Development

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Progress of improving the materal condition of people through the growth and diffusion of technology and knowledge.

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Gross National Product(GNP)

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Value of total outputs of goods and services produced in a country; usually over one year.

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Liberal model

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Theories that claim development is a process through which all countries can move.

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Modernization Model

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A model of economic development most closely associated with the work of Walter Rostow. The modernization model maintains that all countries go through 5 interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption.

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Neo-colonialism

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Post-colonial critics of developed countries' involvement in the developing world.

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Peripheral region

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The least powerful regions and therefore, are often marginalized or under the control of both semi-peripherial regions and core.

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Semi-periphery regions

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Intermediary regions in terms of the hierarchy of power between core and periphery regions.

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Structuralist model

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Argue that less-develped countries are locked into a vicious cycle of entrenched underdevelopment by the global economic system that supports an unequal structure.

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World Systems Theory

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Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein, who proposed that social change in the change in the developing world is in extricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.

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Acropolis

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"HIgh point of the city"; the upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city, usually devoted to religious purposes.

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Agora

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Market(originated form Greek)

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Egalitarian city

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Societies with no social classes and no government.

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Feudal city

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Political-geographical system in Europe during the Middle Ages when land was owned by the nobility and was worked by peasants and serfs(church was the center in this city).

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Fork-preliterate city

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City with the wall surrounding the land(defensive).

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Formative era

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The developing period of urbanization.

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Urban banana

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A cresent-shaped zone of early urbanization extending across Eurasia form England to Japan

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Urban elite

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Group of decision makers and organizers.

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Preindustrial city

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Has a government and more focus on the government, religion and trade.

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Basic sector

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Group of economic functions that bring money into an urban place and represent the city's primary functions.

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Blockbusting

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Tactic that contributed to ghettoization; used by real estate agents to get people to move out of their homes because of fear of racial integration.

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Central Business District(CBD)

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Original core of a city's economy.

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Central city

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Urban center that provides services to people living in the surrounding rural areas.

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Centrality

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The strength of an urban center in its capacity to attract producers and consumers to its facilities; a city's "reach" into the surrounding region.

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Central Place Theory

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Walter Christaller explained how and where central places in the urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.

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Economic Base

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Developed by Robert Murray Haig that the economic activities are divided into two basic & nonbasic.

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Economic reach

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The maximum distance people can be form a central place and still be attracted to it for business purposes.

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Edge cities

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Self-sufficient urban area within a greater metropolitan complex; often developed on highway exits.

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Functional specialization

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The production of particular goods or services as a dominant activity in a particular location.

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Gated communities

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Restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, fenced in area where entry is limited to residents and their guests.

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Hinterland

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Area serviced by a central place.

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Megalopolis

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Massive, urban "blob" of overlapping, integrating metropolitan area whose distinctive boundaries are becoming difficult to find.

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Multiplier effect

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Expansion of economic activity caused by the grow in or introduction of another economic activity.

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Nonbasic sector

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Group of economic functions in a city that swift money within the city, not outside the city as in the basic employment sector.

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Racial steering

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Contributing to ghettoization; real estate agents would show people neighborhoods and houses according to their race.

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Rank-size rule

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In a region, the nth-largest city's population is 1/n the population of the reigion's largest city.

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Redlining

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Practing of banks and lending agencies refusing to give loans to people moving to minority-dominated districts.

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Site

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The internal physical attributes of a place, including its local spatial character and physical setting.

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Situation

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The external locational attributes of a place.

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Surburb

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A subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city.

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Urban geography

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A subfield of geography that focuses especially on urban places, their characteristics, processes of genesis and growth, system, location and interrelationships.

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Urban hierarchy

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A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions. Hamlet-village-town-city-metropolis.

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Urban realm

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A spatial generalization of the large, late-20th century city in U.S.

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Sunbelt

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Cities in the southern region have grown faster than northeast & mId-west due to the internal migration.

AP Human Geography Unit 6 and 7 Terms – Flashcards

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