Ap Human Geography Unit 5 Vocab Flashcard
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organic farming
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approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicieds, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs EXAMPLE: Organic tomatoes
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agriculture
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the purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber EXAMPLE: Grape farmer
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subsistence agriculture
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self sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology & emphasizes food production for local consumption, not trade EXAMPLE: Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa
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shifting cultivation
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cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegitation has been removed by cutting and burning
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slash-and-burn agriculture
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see shifting cultivation; cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegitation has been removed by cutting and burning EXMPLE: Farming in South America
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von Thunen model
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A model that explains the location of agricultureal activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market
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Green Revolution
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the development of higher-yield and fast-growing crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions of the globe. EXAMPLE: The development of GMO's
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Genetically modified organisms (GMO's)
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crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods EXAMPLE: Tomatoes genetically modified to grow larger and sweeter
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commercial agriculture
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term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor fores, and the latest technoloty EXAMPLE: Specialty farmers
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plantation
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Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives EXAMPLE: Slavery plantations from the South
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Crop Rotation
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The planting of different crops each year to replenish the soil's nutrients that were lost to a previous crop
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Desertification
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The extreme deterioration of land in arid/semiarid regions due to loss of vegetation and soil moisture
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Double Cropping
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The growing of two crops per year to double agricultural output EXAMPLE: Most commercial farmers
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Horticulture
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The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers EXAMPLE: Grape farmer
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Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
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A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land EXAMPLE: Most farmers in Sub Saharan Africa
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Milkshed
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The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
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Pastoral Nomadism
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A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
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Prime Agricultural Land
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The most productive farmland
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Ridge Tillage
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A system of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation
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Sustainability
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Farming methods that preserve longterm productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides
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Truck Farming
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Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so titled because the name came from a Middle English word meaning "bartering"
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Agribuisness
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a large-scale farming enterprise EXAMPLE: Peterson Farms in our local area
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Transhumance
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The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
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Commodity Chain
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series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is on world market
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Fair Trade
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Fair trade is a social movement whose stated goal is to help producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions and to promote sustainability. EXAMPLE: Green America
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Local-food movements
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"Local food", "local food movement" or the "Locavores" are a movement which aim to connect food producers and food consumers in the same geographic region; in order to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks, improve local economies, or for health, environmental, community, or social impact
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Value-added speciality crops
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At the most basic, "Value-added" is simply any product or action that helps you raise the value of your products or business or something you can add to a product that enables you to increase your profit margin. There are all sorts of value-added products and actions, but usually, when it comes to organic farms or organic retail, they're clumped together as "Value-added products" or "Value-added crops."
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Herbicide
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a substance that is toxic to plants and is used to destroy unwanted vegetation. EXAMPLE: Crossbow
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Pesticide
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Pesticides are the only toxic substances released intentionally into our environment to kill living things. This includes substances that kill weeds (herbicides), insects (insecticides), fungus (fungicides), rodents (rodenticides), and others. EXAMPLE: Talstar
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High-yield seed
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Seeds that are selectively bred or modified to grow larger yields of produce EXAMPLE: Whenever I looked up "high-yield seeds" the top results were all for cannabis sooo... I guess that's an example...
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Columbian exchange
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The Columbian Exchange refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.
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Hearths of plant domestication
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Where plants originate EXAMPLE: Asia
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Hearts of animal domestication
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Where animals originate EXAMPLE: Asia
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Deforestation
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The destruction/clearing of the forest for agricultural purposes EXAMPLE: Farming in South America
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Mixed crop/livestock farming
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Mixed farming is an agrarian system that mixes arable farming with the raising of livestock at the same time. When on a farm along-with crop production, some other agriculture based practice like poultry, dairy farming or bee keeping etc. is adopted, then this system of farming is known as mixed farming.
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Extensive farming practices
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System of crop cultivation using small amounts of labour and capital in relation to area of land being farmed. The crop yield in extensive agriculture depends primarily on the natural fertility of the soil, terrain, climate, and the availability of water.
