AP human geography Unit 5 Test Prep – Flashcards
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activities that require a high level of specialized knowledge or skill (scientific research, high-level management)
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quinary activities
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the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.
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agriculture
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true/false hunting and gathering dominated before plant domestication a recent innovation
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true
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this occured 14,000 years ago and was accompannied by a modest population explosion as well as plant and animal domestication. (transitioned from hunting and gathering to planing and sustaining)
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first agricultural revolution
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During which era did the first agricultural revolution occur?
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Neolithic era
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in which 3 areas was the first agricultural revolution concentrated in?
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Fertile crescent, China, N. Africa
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self-sufficient, small scale agriculture, involving low technology; food production is for family consumption, and usually not for trade
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subsistence farming
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cultivation where tropical forests are removed by cutting and burning, ash contributes to soil fertility; clearings are usually abandoned after a few years for newly cleared land
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slash and burn agriculture
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began at end of Middle ages, and has benefited from the Industrial Revolution, along with improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage. (better mechanization and access to market areas due to better transportation)
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second agricultural revolution
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this man witnessed the 2nd agricultural revolution firsthand. His model was the first effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity
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Johann Heinrich Von Thunen
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what did the ring closest to the town represent?
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dairying and intensive farming
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what was produced in the second ring in Von Thunen's model?
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timber and firewood
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what was produced in the third ring of the von thunen's model?
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extensive bulkier crops
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what occured in the fourth furthest ring from the town of the von thunen's model?
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ranching and livestock raising
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what did von thunen's model assume:
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flat terrain, soil quality and conditions are the same, no barriers to transportation
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green revolution; still in progress: based on higher yielding seeds using genetic engineering (increased use of fertilizers for crops and antibiotics in animals)
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third agricultural revolution
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houses lie quite far apart; land is cultivated by machine ratehr than by hand
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dispersed
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what is the major type of settlement in the US Midwest?
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dispersed
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houses are grouped together in tiny clusters (hamlets) or larger clusters (villages); this is by far the most prevalent rural residential pattern in agricultural areas
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nucleated
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houses in Japanese villages are tightly packed
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linear
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the village may have begun as a hamlet, and developed by accretion
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cluster
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rundling; European--similar to East Afr. circular village
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round
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farm villages fortified for protection
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walled
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most modern villages are planned this way; Spanish invaaders in Middle America laid out their villages in this manner centuries ago
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grid
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What does the size and structure of rural regions depend on?
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space, environment, and social norms (as well as laws)
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what type of agriculture is most likely practiced in North-central USA and South-central Canada?
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commercial grain farming
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what type of agriculture is most likely practiced in Northeastern USA?
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dairying
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what type of agriculture is most likely practiced in northern Africa?
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nomadic herding
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what type of agriculture is common on the coast of India and surrounding area?
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paddy rice farming
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what type of agriculture is most likely practiced in north-central South America?
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shifting cultivation
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when traditional farmers abandoned a piece of land becuase the soil had become infertile, usually found in tropical and subtropical zones.
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shifting cultivation
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large-scale, mechanized industrial businesses that is controlled by corporate interests, and resulted from commercialization of crop production and the application of technology to crops.
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agribusiness
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True/False Much of the world's crop products are based on the climate of regions where they are grown.
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True
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True/False There are four agriculture revolutions that changed history.
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False
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what does the von thunen model focus on?
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transportation
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what is the result of the rise of feedlots and mega-farms used to produce enormous quantities of agriculture commodities?
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loss of family farms
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this man suggested that the areas north of the Bay of Bengals as well as various other regions including South America and Southwest Asia as possible agricultural hearths.
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Carl Sauer
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(dry summers) grows grapes, olives, figs, citrus fruits, dates, and certain vegetables; wine country; US, Chile, S. Africa, Australia
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Mediterranean agriculture
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where does dairying, fruit and specialized crops mostly occur
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northern latitudes (Eastern US, W Eur and Russia)
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where do mixed livestock and crops mostly occur
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humid mid-latitudes (Eastern US, W Eur and Russia)
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where does commercial grains mostly occur
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drier mid-latitudes
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in which regions is subsistence agriculture sitll popular?
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Africa, asia, americas
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encroaching deserts; caused by the expansion of livestock herding into semi-arid regions
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desertification
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cutting down of forests for cattle grazing in Central and South America
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deforestation
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intro of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the US, led to consumers' demand of organic crops
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pollution
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who conluded that the houses types that diffused across North America were New England, the Midddle Atlantic, and the Tidewater South?
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Fred Kniffen
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