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Acculturation

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A less dominant culture adopting traits of the more dominant one

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Animism

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Belief that inanimate objects have spirits

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Artifacts

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Object made by human beings, an item of culture or historical interest

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Assimilation

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People of different background come to see themselves as part of a larger national family

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Baha'i

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Relatively new faithfounded in Iran in 1844 by Syyid 'Ali Muhhamad, known as the Bab ("gateway"). Belive that Husayn 'Ali Nuri was prophet and massenger of God.

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Behaviors

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Way one acts and conducts oneself

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Bilingualism

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Ability to speak 2 languages

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Buddhism

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Third largest universalizing religion, widespread Asian religion or philosophy, founded by Siddartha Gautama

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Confucianism

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System of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.

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Contagious diffusion

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Form of diffusion in which innovations or other phenomenon spreads across space after direct contact

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Creole

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Person mixed black and European descendant in the Caribbeans.

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Cultural determinism

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Is the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are emotionally and behaviorally

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Cultural diffusion

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Spread of material and non-material culture to other areas

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Cultural ecology

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Study relationship between culture and environment

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Cultural geography

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Study of the impact of human culture on the landscape

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Cultural hearths

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Areas where civilizations first began that spread customs, innovations, and ideologies that culturally shaped the world.

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Cultural landscape

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Modification of the environment by humans.

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Cultural relativism

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Position that there is no universal standard to measure cultures by, and that all cultures are equally valid and must be understood in their own terms.

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Cultural transmission

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Process by which one generation passes culture to the next

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Culture complex

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Group of culture traits all interrelated and dominated by one essential trait

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Culture region

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Culture region is an area with certain things in common such as history, language, and beliefs.

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Culture system

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Group of interconnected culture complexes

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Culture trait

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Specific attribute of a culture.

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Daoism

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Alternate Romanization of Taoism, philosophy, holds that human happiness which lies in maintaining proper harmony with nature.

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Dialect

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Particular form of language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group

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Diasporas

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Jews living outside Israel

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Durkheim's sacred and profane

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Emile Durkheim is a French sociologist who stated that religion is important in explaining anything that surpasses the limits of our knowledge.

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Eastern Orthodox

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Relating to or characteristic of the Eastern Orthodox Church, About 10% of the world Christians. Officially split from Catholic Church in 11th century. Strong in Eastern Europe and Russia.

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Environmental determinism

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Belief that environment shapes culture which is the cause of human actions

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Ethnic religion

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Religions that appeal primarily to one group of people living in a specific area.

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Ethnocentrism

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Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group

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Extinct language

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Extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers.

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Folk culture

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Is a lifestyle of a culture that is historically handed down through oral tradition and is a form of local diversity

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Folk culture region

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People who live in a land space share at least some of the same folk customs

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Folk life

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Way of life of a rural or traditional community

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Geographic region

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Combination of cultural region with it's local and environmental circumstances

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Hagerstrand, Torste

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Famous geographer that wrote about diffusion at about the same time as Carl Sauer.

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Hierarchical diffusion

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Ideas and artifacts spread first to larger areas and prominent people than to lesser areas and less prominent people

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Hinduism

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The world's third largest religion but not in the top three universalizing religions. Most of its 800 million adherents live in India

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Humanism

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Geology which emphasizes the ability of human beings to guide their own life

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Independent invention

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Developments that can be traced to a specific civilization

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Indo-European language family

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Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages

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Islam

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Second largest religion in the world. Based on the teachings of Muhammad, the founder of the religion

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Isogloss

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Boundaries within which words are spoken

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Judaism

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Monotheistic religion of the Jews, based on the laws revealed to Moses and recorded in the Torah

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Language

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The method of human communication, either spoken or written

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Language families

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Division that languages who have a distant but similar ancestor are grouped in.

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Language sub-family

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Sub-division of a language family.

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Lingua franca

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Language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

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Linguistic fragmentation

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Condition in a region where many languages are spoken by a relatively small number of people

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Linguistic geography

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The study of the geographical distribution of linguistic features

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Mahayana

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One of the two major traditions of Buddhism

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Marxism

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Political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed as the basis for communism

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Material culture

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Culture that includes a wide range of concrete human creation such as artifacts

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Migrant diffusion

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Spread of cultural trait is slow enough to weaken in the area of origin by the time they reach other areas

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Monotheistic religion

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Belief in theology that only one deity exists mono-one

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Multilingualism

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Is the act of using, or promoting the use, of multiple languages

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Non-material culture

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Aspects of a culture that do not have a physical existence such as beliefs

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Norms

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Something that is usual, typical, or standard

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Official language

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Official language is a language that is given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction

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Pidgin

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A grammatically simplified form of a language with elements taken from local languages, a language that takes words from other languages and uses it

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Popular culture

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Culture found in large heterogeneous societies bonded by common traits despite the many different people that share them

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Protestants

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25% of the world Christians are Protestants. Split from the Catholic Church in the 16th century and later divided into hundreds of denominations. Strong in North America, Northern Europe, Britain, south Africa, and Australia

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Regional identity

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Identification of a specific geographical area of a nation

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Religion: branches, denominations, sects

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Branches are large and basic divisions of a religion. Denominations are divisions of branches that unite local groups onto a single administration. A sect is a relatively small group that does not affiliate with mainstream denominations

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Relocation diffusion

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Diffusion in which an innovation moves from one place to another without leaving that innovation behind at the origin

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Roman Catholics

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About 50% of the world's Christians are Catholic, with dominance in Latin America, French Canada, Central Africa, And Southern and Eastern Europe.

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Sauer, Carl

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Geographer that focused on diffusion in his book "Agricultural Origins and Dispersal" written in 1952

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Shamanism

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Animistic religion similar to Asian shamanism, practiced by native american tribes, Ethnic religion in which people follow their shaman, which is a religious leader who believed to be in contact with the supernatural

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Shiite

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Adherent of the Shia branch of Islam. Makes up about 16% of all Muslims, and ,most are located in only a few countries. Iran- About 40% of all Muslims; Pakistan- 15% of all Muslims; Iraq,Turkey, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, and Yemen-10% of all Muslims

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Sikhism

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Monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak. universalizing religion that emphasizes on moving toward perfection by taking responsibility for the individual's actions

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Standard language

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Languages that are recognized by the government and the intellectual elite and the norm for use in schools, government. media, and other aspects of daily life

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Stimulus diffusion

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When a basic idea, not a the specific trait itself, stimulates imitative behavior within a population

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Sunni

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One of the two main branches of Islam, commonly described as orthodox, Largest branch of Islam that comprise 83% of all Muslims. Largest concentration is in Indonesia

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Symbolic landscape

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Landscapes that symbolize a bigger area or category

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Symbols

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A thing that represents or stands for something else

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Syncretism

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Development of a culture trait through the combination of two others

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Tantrayana

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Vajrayāna Buddhism, Only about 6% of all Buddhists are Tantrayana, The "Vehicle of the Text" with emphasis on magic as well as meditation. Found primarily in Tibet and Mongolia

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Theraveda

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More conservative of the two major traditions of Buddhism,About 38% of all Buddhists are Therevada, characterized by a stricter adherence to the original teachings of the Buddha. This branch is strong in southeast Asia

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Time-distance decay

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Influence of a culture trait decreases as time and distance increases

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Toponymy

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The study of place names

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Traditional religion

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Religion that is part of a culture, and that is a major part of local society

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Transculturation

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Two-way flow of culture that reflects an equal exchange of culture traits.

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Universalizing religion

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Religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location such as Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism

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Beliefs

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Specific statements that people hold to be true, and they are always based on values

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