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human geography

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one of the two major divisions of geography: the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes

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globalization

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the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact and transcend state boundaries; outcomes vary across places and scales

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physical geography

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the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of the Earth's natural phenomena, e.g. climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography; one of two major divisions of geography

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spatial distribution

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physical location of geographic phenomena across space

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patterns

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designs of a spatial distribution

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spatial perspective

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observing variations in geographic phenomena across space

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cultural landscape

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the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape; layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts imprinted on the landscape by humans

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spatial interaction

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the degree of flow of people, ideas, and goods among places

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sequent occupance

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the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

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networks

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sets of interconnected nodes without a center

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cartography

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the art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout, and design

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GPS (global positioning system)

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satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features

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relative location

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the regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places

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absolute location

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the position or place of a certain item on the surface of the earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude

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mental maps

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image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception, knowledge, and impression of that space

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activity spaces

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the space within which daily activity occurs

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remote sensing

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a method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study

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GIS (geographic information system)

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a collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user

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scale

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representation of a real world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization. In cartography, the ratio of map distance to ground distance, indicated on a map as a bar graph, representative fraction, or verbal statement

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formal region

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a type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena; also called uniform/homogenous region

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perceptual region

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a region that only exists as a conceptualization of an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity; i.e. "The South", "Mid-Atlantic"

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cultural hearth

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heartland, source area, innovation center, or origin of a major culture

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time-distance decay

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the declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time or distance from its point of origin or source

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expansion diffusion

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the spread of an innovation or idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanded area of dissemination

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hierarchal diffusion

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a form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence

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contagious diffusion

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the distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person- analogous to the communication of a contagious illness

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stimulus diffusion

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a form of diffusion in which cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place

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relocation diffusion

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sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate old areas and relocate to new ones; most commonly involves a migrating population

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possibilism

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geographic viewpoint in response to determinism that holds that human decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development. Nonetheless, possibilists believe that the environment provides certain restrictions

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environmental determinism/environmentalism

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the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development

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HDI (human development index)

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a country's level of development on a scale of 0-1 as decided by the UN

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MDC

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more developed country (.8+)

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LDC

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less developed country(-.8)

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GDP (gross domestic product)

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value of the total output of goods and services provided in a country

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primary sector

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sector of jobs in which workers extract materials directly from the Earth

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GDI (gender-related development index)

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measure of accomplishments and conditions of women in a country on a scale of 0-1

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GEM (gender empowerment measure)

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measure of the ability of women to participate in the process of achieving improvements in a country, mostly types of jobs, on a scale of 0-1 (always less than GDI)

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Children per Women

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the lower the HDI, the more children per women

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Child Mortality

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the lower the HDI, the higher the child mortality rate

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Agriculture

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the lower the HDI, the higher the percent of GDP is agriculture

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Democracy Score

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no clear trend

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Median Age

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as HDI increases, so does median age

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BMI

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as HDI increases, so does BMI

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Developed Regions

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Anglo-America, Western Europe, Oceania, S.Korea/Japan

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Undeveloped Regions

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Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, SE Asia, S Asia, North Africa, E Asia, Latin America

AP Human Geography Unit 1 IDs and HDI Trends – Flashcards

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