Ap Human Geography Language Vocab Test Questions – Flashcards
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Language
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Set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols used for communication.
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Culture
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Ralph Linton - Total knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared by society members.
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Standard Language
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A language variant used for the norm of media, school, government, and public life by the country's political and intelligent elite.
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Dialect
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Variant of a language (Pronounciation, grammer, and vocabulary).
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Isogloss
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Geogrpahic boundary where linguist reatures occur.
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Mutual Intelligibility
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Two people understand each other when speaking.
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Dialect Chains
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Set of contigious dielcts where the one near each other at any place in the chain arw most closely related.
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Language Family
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Grouos of languages with shard, but slightly distant origin.
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Subfamilies
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Divisions within a family; commolities more definite.
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Sound Shift
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Slight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin.
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Proto Indo-European
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Ancestral Indo-european
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Backward Reconstruction
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Tracking Sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backwards" to the original language.
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Extinct language
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language without any native speakers.
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Deep reconstruction
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Recreate language that preceded it.
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Nostratic
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Proto Indo-European ancient ancenstor
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Language Divergence
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1 language formed into 2.
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Language Convergence
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2 languages collapsing into 1.
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Renfrew's Hypothesis
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-That said Proto Indo-European came from the Fertile Cresent. Anatolia into Europe, West Arc to North Africa and Arab, and East Arc into Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India.
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Conquest Theory
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THEORY said that early Pro-Indo-Eurpean speakers spread West by horseback, overpowering, beginning diffusion snd differentiation of the Indo-European tongues.
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Dispersal Theory
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THEORY said Indo-Eupopean first moved East to SouthWest asia -> Caspian Sea -> Russian-Ukraine Plains -> Balkans. Another part said it moved west.
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Romance Languages
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French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portugese
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Germanic Languages
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English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish
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Slavanic Languages
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Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian.
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Lingua Franca
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Ancient language in the Mediterranean ports usually for trading and commerce
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Pidgin Language
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Where 2 or more languages come. Part of each of them combine into a simplified structure and vocabulary.
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Creole Language
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Began as a Pidgin language, but later adopted as mother tongue by the people of the mother tongue land.
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Monolingual States
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Countries with one language spoken.
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Multilingual States
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Countries with more than one language spoken.
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Official Language
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Multilingual countries have language chosen by an educated, powerful elite, usually the language is spoken in Courts and in the government.
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Global Language
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Language most commonly used around the world. Basis of many speakers or trade prevelance.
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Place
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Uniqueness of a location.
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Toponym
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PLACE name
