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basic ratio

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A measure of a company's performance, calculated by dividing the earnings for the period available to common shares by the weighted average number of common shares that were outstanding during the period.

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basic sectors

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work that results in exports and inflowing money

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Burgess

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In colonial times, a member of the lower house of the legislature of Maryland or Virginia.

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Bosnywash

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the heavily populated area extending from Boston to Washington and including New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore., the heavily populated area extending from Boston to Washington and including New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.

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census tract

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An area deliniated by the us beureau of the census for which statisitcs are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods

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Central Business District

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The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

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Center City

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a city surrounded by suburbs

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Central place theory

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A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

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Christaller Walter

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German geographer who in the early 1930s first formulated central-place theory as a series of models designed to explain the spatial distribution of urban centers. Crucial to his theory is the fact that different goods and services vary both in threshold and in range

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city

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people living in a large densely populated municipality

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city-state

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a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

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complementary regions

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the merging of two regions for benefit

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concentric zone model

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A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

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Councils of government

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cooperative agencies consisting of representatives from local governments in the region

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Disamenity sector

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The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords.

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Edge cities

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clusters of large buildings away from the central business district

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export activities

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produce goods or services for areas outside the city.

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Feminization of poverty

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the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor

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Formative era

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time where the major urban hearths came into existance

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Gentrification

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the restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of lower-income people)

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Gettos

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place where jews were forced to live

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Greenbelts

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(in European cities) undeveloped area neighboring an urban area, often protected from development by planning law

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Hamlet

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a community of people smaller than a village

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Harris and Ullman

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developed multiple nuclei model explaining that large cities developed by spreading from several places of growth, not just one

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hierarchy of central places

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nesting of small hexagons within larger ones.

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Hoyt

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sector model

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Infrastructure

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the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area

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In situ accretion

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where less expensive homes and businesses seem to be in a chronic state of ongoing construction and renovation.

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Manufacturing city

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a city overrun with factories, supply facilities, the expansion of transport systems, and the consturction of tenements for a growing labor force.

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Megacity

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urban area over 10 mil. People

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Megalopolis

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a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns)

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Megastores

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huge stores with a wide variety of products designed for one stop shopping

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Mercantile city

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a city in which a central square became the focus of the city flanked by royal, religious, public, and private buildings: streets leading to such squares formed the beginnings of a downtown

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Metropolitan area

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a major population center made up of a large city and the smaller suburbs and towns that surround it

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Metropolitan statistical area

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area with a city of 50 thousand or more people, together with adjacent urban communities that have strong ties to the central city.

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Micropolitian statistical area

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A smaller unit of analysis with only about 10,000 inhabitanta in its area

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Multiple-nuclei model

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A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

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Multiplier effect

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An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

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Nucleated

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with one or more clear core areas, a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings

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Peripheral model

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A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

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Physical city

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a continuous development that contains a central city and many nearby cities, towns, and suburbs

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Primate cities

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A city which is greater than two times the next largest city in a nation (or contains over one-third of a nation's population). The primate city is usually very expressive of the national culture and often the capital city.

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Public housing

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a housing development that is publicly funded and administered for low-income families

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Rank-size rule

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In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.

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Rush hours

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The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.

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Sector model

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A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).

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Settlement geography

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the patterns of settlement on the earth's surface

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Smart growth

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legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland

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Social area analysis

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puts together information from the census tracts to create and overall picture of how various types of people are distrbuted within a broader area, like a city

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Special-function cities

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cities are dominated by one activity such as mining, manufacturing or recreation and serving national and international markets.

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Sprawl

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an ungainly posture with arms and legs spread about, Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

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States

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independent political units with territorial boundaries that are internationally recognized by other states

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Suburbs

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Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people.

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Town

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the people living in a municipality smaller than a city

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Transportation centers

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Cities where major routes converge - roads, railroads, sea traffic, and air transportation

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Urban area

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a geographical area constituting a city or town, a geographical area constituting a city or town

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Urban elite

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a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources, and sometimes the lives of others

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Urban empire

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A nation or group of territories ruled by a single, powerful leader or emperor

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Urban geography

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The study of how people use space in cities, a subfield of geography the focuses especially on urban places, their chraracteristics, processes of genesis and growth, their systems relative location, and interrelationships

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Urban hierarchy

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a ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions

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Urban influence zone

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Areas outside the city that are affected by it., An area outside of a city that is nevertheless affected by the city

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Urban renewal

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the clearing and rebuilding and redevelopment of urban slums

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Wirth, Louis

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was an American sociologist and member of the Chicago school of sociology.

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World city

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Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

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Zone in transition

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An area that is either becoming more rural or more urban

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Zone of maturity

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the rate that a zone takes to mature.

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Zoning ordinances

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A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.

AP Human Geography Flashcards Unit 7

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