AP Human Geography Exam (CHS) – Flashcards

-British demographer who studied internal migration in England

-From these studies he created the Laws of Migration with some relevant today

1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration

       ?Counterstreams occur for many factors like economics,      legal, or personal reasons ex. Jewish people returning to Israel after Diaspora

2. The majority of migrants move a short distance

       ? Most migration happens in a step by step pattern and tend to remain in the same country

       ? Intervening opportunities and intervening obstacles can cause a person’s plans to change

 3. Migrants who move longer distance tend to choose big-city destinations

       ? Ravenstein lived in the 1800s during Industrial Rev. and saw this first hand; cities tend to hold pull factor of jobs and better economic opportunities

 4. Urban migrants are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas

       ?True in Ravenstein’s time and in some developing nations, however the United States has experienced some counter-urbanization

 5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

       ?Easier to move oneself

6. Most long-distance migrants are male

Period of East-West competition, tension and conflict short of full scale war that began after WWII and ended with the fall of the Berlin Wall in the 1990s, included also scientific competition like space race

Ex. United States (democracy) vs. Soviet Union (Communism)

Rapidly growing suburban city that has a population greater than 100,000, is not the largest city in their metropolitan area having double digit growth for several decades, often develop along interstate beltways

Ex. Temecula, Riverside, Escondido, etc.

-Refugee(s) returning to their home country usually with the assistance of government or non-government organizations

Ex. Civil War in Rwanda calmed down in 1996 (Tutsi-Hutu Strife) with 500,000 Rwandans returning from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then called Zaire) and Tanzania

A population pyramid will show a higher number of older or elderly people in its projection than younger working-age people; the population pyramid is top heavy

Ex. What is starting to happen in Japan

-Principal critic of Malthusian theory who argued that overpopulation could be solved by increasing the number of subsistence farmers

Ex. Remeber Malthus thought the population (growing exponentially) would outgrow food supply (growing arthmetically)

-Growth of the economy and population in the "sunny regions" of the southwestern USA that developed as the dominance of the factory-based economy in the northeast decreased

Ex. Migration began after WWII and coincided with the USA Baby Boom (large increase in birthrates)

-Immigration legislation that limited the number of people from one country and discriminated against Asians and favored European migrants

Ex. Today in the USA the largest claimed European ancestry is German, the largest Asian ancestry is Chinese

-People who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions outside the home of their ethnicity

Ex. Jewish people living outside of Israel

-Sum of money sent by a migrant to his or her family back home

Ex. Migrants come from Turkey to work in Germany and send their earnings back home to Turkey

-A non-citizen of a country who has been granted asylum or seeks asylum

(asylum means protection)

Ex. Illegal immigrants asking the government for refugee/asylum; political prisoners; Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader of Tibet has asylum in India because Chinese  control Tibet

-Faulty or inadequate adaptation

Ex. How people adapt or adjust to their surroundings can impact the environment negatively

-Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

Ex. Development of coastal cities in Western Africa during the slave trade

-Hearth: Middle East

-Language: Hebrew; Yiddish (Central/Eastern Europe)

-House of Worship: Synagogue or Temple

-Major holidays are based on events in agricultural calendar of the religion’s homeland of Israel

-Some Holidays: Hanukkah (Festival of Lights)

Pesach( Passover) Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year)

Yom Kippur ("Day of Atonement)

-Some Sacred Sites: Wailing Wall (Western Wall in Jerusalem), Temple Mount (Jerusalem), Cave of Patriarchs (Jerusalem)

-Highest Populations in Israel followed by the USA

-Occurs when other regions suffer a drain of resources and talent due to agglomeration in another region

Ex. California's Silicon Valley took most high-tech industry workers so other regions were left without their resources and talents and thus suffered the backwash effect

-Industry not bound by local constraints and able to choose to locate wherever it wants; production doesn't change no matter where the goods are manufactured or processed

Ex. High tech industry and diamond industry 

-Place where technology and computer industries agglomerate

Ex. Silicon Valley in California

-Theories that claim development is a process through which all countries can move

Ex. Rostow's Modernization Model

-Division of the manufacturing process across several countries, wherein different pieces of the product are made in different countries and then the pieces are assmebled yet again in another country

 –Ex. Manufacturing Zones ie. maquiladoras, special economic zones, free trade zones, etc.

-Organization not run by the government but by a charity or private organization that supplies resources and money to local businesses and causes advancing economic and human development

 Ex. Save the Children, Doctors Without Borders, etc.

-Stipulations that require the country receiving an international loan to make economic changes in order to use the loan

Ex. A LDC must make public goods privatized

-Argue that less-developed countries are locked into a vicious cycle of entrenched underdevelopment by the global economic system that supports an unequal structure

Ex. Opposite of Liberal Development Theory

-Manufacturing processes that create a product lighter than the raw materials that went into making it; factory is located near the main resource location

Ex. Paper production (located near heavy lumber), steel and copper industries

-Take raw materials and create a heavier final product; factory is located closer to consumer to minimize delivery costs

Ex. Beverage bottling

-Peripheral area beyond the ring highway tha contains squatter settlements

Ex. Included inthe Griffin-Ford Model of Latin American cities that was updated by Larry Ford

-Developed by geographer TG McGhee, it shows similar land use patterns among medium-sized Southeast Asian cities

Ex. Found separate clusters surrounding port zones instead of a true central CBD

 -Compact, closely clustered settlement usually a hamlet or a large village

Ex. Can also be the poorest part of a city controlled by a gang or war lord

-The countries of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

-Economies as a group quickly moving towards complete industrialization & dominating in manufacturing and supplying natural resources

-Meet together at summits 

-Formed New Development Bank (NDB), to fund infrastructure and sustainable development projects both in their own countries as well as elsewhere

-By 2050 predicted to be some of the front runners in the total GDP (Gross Domestic Product) with China surpassing the USA

Visible imprint of human activity

-Ex. Cape Cod style architecture in New England, Wailing Wall in Jerusalem, etc.

-Physical environment unaffected by human activity; it can be undisturbed wilderness or if it is disturbed it can return to its natural state; first conceptualized by Alexander Humboldt

-Ex. Amazon Rainforest, Grand Canyon, etc.

-Notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

-Ex. Santa Fe, NM imprinted by Native AmericansaColonial SpainaModern America

-Spatial separation between two points on the Earth’s surface measured by some accepted standard unit such as miles or kilometers (for widely separated locations), feet or meters (for more closely spaced points)

-Ex. There is 445 miles between Sydney and Melbourne (Australia)

-The degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certain location from other locations; varies from place to place and can be measured

-Ex. NY City Subway system allows accessibility between different city neighborhoods

-The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction; usually represented in S curve

-Ex. Less Temecula shoppers go to North County Fair Mall in Escondido since the Promenade Mall opened in Temecula

-An idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most concentrated places of people; urban hierarchy (ranking settlements (village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions) are usually involved; idea can proceed either upward or downward through a hierarchy; ideas from political leaders to other people in the community or ideas from an urban area then diffused to isolated rural areas

      -Ex. hip-hop music started in urban areas and spread to suburbs

-Form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place

-Ex. Hamburgers in Hindu dominate India were adapted to garden burger varieties for McDonalds

Spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those involved grows continuously larger resulting in an expanding area of dissemination; snowball effect

-Ex. Spread of Islam through Africa

Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones

 -Ex. Most common is spreading of ideas by a migrating population; for example German immigrants bringing tradition of Christmas tree to America

Description of locations on the Earth’s surface where  

populations live

-Ex. Most people in the world live along seacoasts or near bodies of water

The Northern Hemisphere has a higher population than the Southern Hemisphere

Clustering of a phenomenon around a central location (clustered/agglomerated: close together spatially)

-Ex. There is a high concentration of favelas (slum communities) around the outer rim of San Paulo, Brazil

Amount of spread of a phenomenon over an area; how far things are spread out (dispersed/scattered: spread out)

-Ex. Due to problems of flooding and mountainous terrain Dolomites, Italy has many dispersed communities.

The design of a spatial distribution; geographical arrangements of objects in

space

-Ex. linear, random, centralized, nucleated, etc.

-Key reference points are the North and South poles and the equator (natural), and prime meridian (agreed upon by cartographers)

-Meridians are arcs that connect the North and South poles (all equal in length)

-Parallels are circles drawn around the globe parallel to the equator; decrease in length as one nears the poles

- Equator is 0° and the North Pole is 90°N latitude

-Meridians and parallels intersect at right angles

-The world is divided into 24 standard time zones each of which represents 15° of longitude

-Ex. Seen on different types of maps

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes and displays geographic data; many advances in GIS have come from military applications; critiques of GIS: represents no real advances in geographers’ understanding of places and regions, increases level of surveillance by those who already possess power, fear it may help create a world in which people are not judged by who they are and what they do but more by where they live

-Ex. TOXMAP (National Library of Medicine), used by 911 operators, Google Earth, etc.

Includes two dozen satellites placed in predetermined orbits, a series of tracking stations to monitor and control the satellites and receivers that compute positions, velocity, and time from the satellite signals

-Ex. Receivers in car can give you directions

 a) Conics: maps that place a cone over the Earth and keep distance intact but lose directional qualities

-Ex. Has a lot of distortion in the polar regions

b) Cylindrical: maps that show true direction but lose distance

-Ex. A Mercator map

c) Oval: maps that combine cylindrical and conic projections

-Ex. Molleweide projection

d) Planar: maps that show true direction and examine the Earth from one point, usually from a pole or polar direction

-Ex. Azimuthal map

The idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction between those places

-Ex. Increased technology in travel makes it easier to fly from Boston to Paris

American geographer and geologist with studies also in meteorology;  helped to establish the Association of American Geographers; wrote articles and is listed as one of the founding members of the National Geographic Society

-Ex. He is know as the “father of American geography

The increase of time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

-Ex. It will cost you more in time and gas money to go to concert in Las Vegas vs. San Diego

The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development; also referred as environmentalism

-Ex. Many scholars dismiss this concept but an example could be that island nations have separate cultural development because of separation from mainland.

Geographic viewpoint- a response to determinism-that holds that human decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development; nevertheless, possibilists view the environment as providing a set of broad constraints that limits the possibilities of human choices

-Ex. Humans can make choices not  ruled by climate, physical features, etc

Defined by Manuel Castells as a set of interconnected nodes without a center

-Ex. Information networks, transportation networks, etc.

Special manufacturing export zones that offer favorable tax, with regulatory and trade agreements to foreign companies

1. By early 2000, more than sixty countries had such zone

         2. Some argue that these zones exploit workers and only benefit foreign firms while some believe it provides necessary jobs for local residents

    3. Two examples include Mexico’s maquiladoras and China’s Special Economic Zones (SEZ)

-South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and former British colony Hong Kong were amongst the first Asian areas to embrace international trade; trade is considered complementary (meaning both sides benefit)

            1. South Korea: exports automobiles and electronics; high quality-university and primary education system; access to worldwide markets thanks to port cities like Pusan and Kwangju

            2. Taiwan: Who controls Taiwan? The United States recognizes Taiwan as independent due to their more capitalist economic system, while China claims Taiwan is a part of their country. Has grown in economic status due to exports with Kaohsiung handling the majority of the exports

            3. Singapore: example of an entrepôt; busiest port in the world; one of the cleanest and safest places in the world due to tough laws against crime (ex. littering is outlawed and comes with tough punishments); keeps many tourist away in fear of “lashings” and other harsh punishments, however international businesses like the safety; ports take in goods and re-export to places like Japan, Europe, the USA and other regions

            4. Hong Kong: Britain gave up its control of this port in the 1990s (Britain had gained Hong Kong after the Opium War in the late 1800s). Example of an entrepôt with its main industry being the re-export of industrial products especially those made in mainland China; one of the busiest ports in the world

Specific areas in China that allow tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations to attract foreign business and investment; situated along major port areas

1) 1980s establishment of first SEZs

2) 1984: China opened up fourteen coastal cities for overseas investment (ex. Shanghai, Tianjin, etc.

3) 1985: Opened up coastal areas including Yangtze and Pearl River Deltas

4) Established to encourage foreign investment

   5) No tax during first year; after year of profit “tax clock” begins but no tax second year while third and fourth year see ½ the tax rate

6) Has brought investment and revenue along with technological ideas to China

Baseline for time zones around the world, centered on the Prime Meridian (0* Longitude); sometimes called universal time

-There are 24 time zones at 15* of longitude (360* divided by 24 is equal to 15)

1. Location (Absolute an Relative)

2. Place (Physical and Human Characteristics)

3. Human Environment Interaction

4. Movement

5. Region (Formal (Uniform), Functional (Nodal),

Perceptual (Vernacular)

People wanting to escape communist influence began leaving Eastern Europe

Berlin Wall was built by the Communists to stop the "Brain Drain"

Causes of death in each stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Comes from epidemiology (science concerned with the incidence, distribution and control of disease that affect a large number of people)

~Created in 1923 by sociologist E.W. Burgess

•First to explain the distribution of different social groups within urban areas

•This model shows that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings

•Size and width of rings varies from city to city but same type of rings appear in all cities in the same order but today in America the Zone of Better Residence would be larger (more people living in suburbs)

Zone 1: CBD a nonresidential activities are concentrated; aka downtown; highest density of commercial land use, expensive real estate

Zone 2: Zone of Transition a industry, manufacturing, wholesaling, factory zone; in many American/Canadian cities these areas have been deindustrialized-converted from industrial areas to festive landscape (parks, sports stadiums, convention centers, outdoor concert venues, etc.)

Zone 3: Zone of Independent Worker’s homes a working class, blue collar, inner city, lower-quality housing like tenements/public housing projects

Zone 4: Zone of Better Residence a professional/white collar, suburbs, newer homes, spacious, middle class

Zone 5: Commuter Zone a exurbs (area beyond suburbs), country estates, very low-density residential and they drive into the city for work (commute)

A state's power to control space/terrritory and shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations

Originated by German geographer Friedrich Ratzel

Distance people perceive exists in a given situation

Ex. I think it is shorter to reach downtown San Diego by driving on the 15 & 163 freeways, but my sister thinks going vis the 5 freeway is faster

Method of collecting data or information through use of instruments distant from the area or object of study

-Ex. Satellites

Aeriel images from airplanes

State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion remembering important events that occurred in that place by labeling a place with a certain character

Ex. My grandmother's house always made me feel safe and loved

1) The World in Spatial Terms

2) Places and Regions

3) Physical Systems

4) Human Systems

5) Environment and Society

6) The Use of Geography

1) Earth Science --> Physical Geography

2) Culture Environment --> Environmental Geography (Man-Land)

3) Locational--> Analysis of spatial data through map making (Spatial Tradition)

4) Area-Analysis--> Regional Geography

Belief or understanding about a place developed through books, movies, stories, pictures, etc.

Ex. I have never been to Ireland but from the book I read it looks very green and the people very friendly.

Research carried out on location; a piece of research undertaken outside a laboratory or place of learning

Ex. A census taker will record demographic information through a household questionaire

Toponym

(name given to a portion of the Earth's surface)

One of America's most prominent cultural geographers

In 1980 he defined and delimited the perceptual regions of the USA and Canada

Wrote The Cultural Geography of the United States

Equated migration to the demographic transition model (stages in the DTM determine the motives and distances of migration)

 1)Recite the shahadah at least once.

Human processes turn vegetative areas into desert-like landscapes

Causes include overgrazing, deforestation and soil salinization (too much salt in the soil poisons plants)

Winter Wheat Belt: Kansas, Colorado and Oklahoma

Spring Wheat Belt: The Dakotas and Montana

Farm in which no one lives, planting and harvesting are done by hired migratory crews

Ex. Practiced by some wheat farmers in Oklahoma

China

10-15% is Spring Wheat (Heilongjiang Province produces most Spring Wheat)

Shandong highest % of all wheat production by province

System in which one central government holds most of the political power

Ex. Japan and Great Britain

Relating to a union of states that recognizes a single central government but retain certain powers for themselves

Ex. USA

System in which individual political units keep their sovereignty but give limited power to the central government

Ex. Commonwealth of Independent States, United States having a federal gov. with other smaller states, Canada, Mexico, Russia, etc.

 Independent former parts of the British Empire; most still retain the British monarch as a head of state with the governor-general serving as the crown representative in the country; however the head of government is their own parliament and prime minister; states that still hold the British monarch as head of state include: Canada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, Guyana, Bahamas, etc.

Monarch is mostly a figurehead, some can dismiss parliament, appoint judges/other officials, holds significant lands and estates, etc.

Ex. Great Britain, Belgium. The Netherlands, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Spain, Thailand, Luxembourg, Kuwait, Jordan, Bahrain, Monaco, Cambodia

Monarch is sole ruler

ex. Saudi Arabia, Brunei

Religious leaders hold senior positions of government

Ex. Iran

Government controls means of production, determining what goods are made, how much workers will be paid and how much items will cost

A central authority controls all aspects of society, subordinating individual freedoms to state interests

-Founded in Oct. 1945

-Mandate to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living, to improve agricultural productivity and to better the conditions of rural populations; alleviate poverty and hunger

-Largest autonomous agency within the U.N.

-Active in land and water development, plant and animal production, forestry, fisheries, economic/social policy, investment, nutrition, trade and dealings with food and agricultural emergencies

-Works to conserve natural resources while promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development

-Founded in 1948; deals with physical and mental health

-Responsible for providing leadership on global health matters

-Help promote investment in health development, prevention/treatment of chronic diseases, focus on disadvantaged/vulnerable groups especially, foster health security, invest in research and work in issues ranging from aging to human health rights

-Created in 1946; work today in about 191 countries

-Help build world where children’s rights are realized

-Cornerstone of human progress in nurturing/caring for children

-Work to overcome obstacles that poverty, violence, disease and discrimination place in a child’s path

-Promote education (primary minimum), immunization, etc

Alliance of 26 countries from North America and Europe

-Treaty signed in 1949

-Safeguard the freedom and security of its members via political and military means

-Key roles in peace keeping and crisis management

-Countered by Warsaw Treaty Organization of Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries aka Warsaw Pact (dissolved with collapse of Soviet Union)

-Both pacts allowed for military bases in each countries)

-Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium; currency Euro

-Mission in 21^st Century:

                -Provide peace, prosperity and stability for its people

                -Overcome continental division

                -Safety, economic balance and social development

-Combination of former organizations known as European Economic Community, Common Market and The European Community

-First began with six countries: Belgium, France, Italy, Lux., the Netherlands, and West Germany (1958) (The Inner Six)

-European Free Trade Association (EFTA) formed in 1960 to counter Inner Sixà aka the Outer Seven: UK, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria and Portugal

-States began to leave other organizations to join the Common Market

-Different countries have joined the EU at different times; in 2004 eight former communist Eastern European countries joined (Czech Rep., Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia) along with Cyprus and Malta

-Agencies: Council of Ministers, Commission, European Parliament and a Court of Justice

-Formally began in 1945

-Aims to “bridge divides (economics) and turn rich countries’ resources into poor countries growth”

-Helps support developing countries’ governments to build schools, health centers, fight disease, protect environment and provide water/electricity

-Not a bank in traditional sense; specialized agency of about 184 member states who decide how to finance the World Bank and how the money is spent

-Offer low interest loans, interest free credit and grants to developing countries

1) Cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers usually over already existing native cities

2) Some African cities didn’t urbanize until colonial period like Nairobi, Kenya

3) In postcolonial independence many former colonies will keep European style architecture,  street system, language, etc. while others will change their toponyms, structure, language, etc.

Ex. Bombay, Madras & Calcutta during British colonization now Mumbai, Chennai & Kolkata (India)

1) Clustered Rural Settlement: residential & farm structures of multiple households are arranged close together Ex. New England and parts of Europe

2) Dispersed Rural Settlement: significant distance between multiple households Ex. farm regions of America South, Midwest, & Great Plains

3) Circular settlements: circle of homes surrounding a central open space Ex. Medieval-era German and English towns, Sub-Saharan African tribal herding communities

4) Linear settlements: follow along a road or river/stream front, coast, etc. Ex. French long-lots

THE PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM:

1. Walkability:

-Most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work
-Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street; porches, windows & doors; tree-lined streets; on street parking; hidden parking lots; garages in rear lane; narrow, slow speed streets)
-Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases

2. Connectivity:
-Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases walking
-A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys
-High quality pedestrian network and public realm makes walking pleasurable

3. Mixed-Use & Diversity:
-A mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site. Mixed-use within neighborhoods, within blocks, and within buildings
-Diversity of people - of ages, income levels, cultures, and races

4. Mixed Housing:
-A range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity

5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design:
-Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a sense of place; Special placement of civic uses and sites within community. Human scale architecture & beautiful surroundings nourish the human spirit

6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure:
-Discernable center and edge
-Public space at center
-Importance of quality public realm; public open space designed as civic art
-Contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk
-Transect planning: Highest densities at town center; progressively less dense towards the edge. The transect is an analytical system that conceptualizes mutually reinforcing elements, creating a series of specific natural habitats and/or urban lifestyle settings. The transect integrates environmental methodology for habitat assessment with zoning methodology for community design. The professional boundary between the natural and man-made disappears, enabling environmentalists to assess the design of the human habitat and the urbanists to support the viability of nature. This urban-to-rural transect hierarchy has appropriate building and street types for each area along the continuum. 

7. Increased Density:
-More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking, to enable a more efficient use of services and resources, and to create a more convenient, enjoyable place to live.
-New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of densities from small towns, to large cities

8. Smart Transportation:

-A network of high-quality trains connecting cities, towns, and neighborhoods together
-Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use of bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily transportation

9. Sustainability:
-Minimal environmental impact of development and its operations
-Eco-friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value of natural systems
-Energy efficiency
-Less use of finite fuels
-More local production
-More walking, less driving

10. Quality of Life:
-Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth living, and create places that enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.

Zone 1: CBDà Downtown

Zone 2: Transportation & Industryà Harbors, rail yards, riverfronts

Zone 3: Lower Class Residentialà Generally ethnic neighborhoods

Zone 4: Middle Class Residentialà Suburbs

Zone 5: High Class Residential à Elite (Wealthy)

•Created in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt

•Theorized that cities developed in sectors not rings; can show ethnic variations in the city

•Chicago was the model used for Concentric and Sector Model

•Created in 1945 by geographers CD Harris & Edward Ullman

•This model shows the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities ~examples of these nodes include a port, neighborhood business center, university, airport, park, etc…

•Tends to apply to newer, faster growing cities

•More then one commercial center within the city landscape instead of just focused in the central city

Zone 1: CBD

Zone 2: Wholesale, light manufacturing

Zone 3: Low-Class Residential

Zone 4: Medium Class Residential

Zone 5: High-Class Residential

Zone 6: Heavy manufacturing

Zone 7: Outlying Business District

Zone 8: Residential Suburbs

Zone 9: Industrial Suburbs

John Borchert's Model: (1967); recognized four epochs in the evolution of the American metropolis based on the impact of transportation & communication:

•    1) Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830) – associated with low technology

•    2) Iron Horse Epoch (1830-70); steam-powered locomotive & spreading rails

•    3) Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920); full impact of Ind. Rev. (steel), hinterlands expand

•    4) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-70); gas-powered internal combustion engine

•    5) High Technology Epoch (1970-today ); expansion of service & information industries (not part of Borchert’s original model but added on)

•New Suburban CBD development often specializing in a certain industry

•Development of industrial parks on the urban periphery

•Many newly developed retail shops/malls, etc. are along transportation routes like highways/freeways instead of the old downtown CBD

Possible Suburban CBD Specializations:

Zone 1: Light Industrial Park

Zone 2: Research & Development Park

Zone 3: Air Transportation Hub

Zone 4: High-Tech and Computing Service

Zone 5: Retail Center or Mall

People who settle on land they don’t own; focus on idle land so squatters camp overnight with large groups of families also known as land invasion; they set up rudimentary homes and in some places it is illegal for the government to tear it down without court authority so squatters try to achieve legal right to the land (land tenure)

Squatters’ make shift houses are usually on the urban fringe (Ex. The favelas of Brazil or the barriadas of Lima, Peru)

 Professional endeavor that seeks to fix, preserve, and protect buildings, places, objects, landscape etc. of historical significance; some states have historic districts that are from a certain era in the region’s history

Homes designed to look like European farm houses with front lawns and were originally built for the growing urban middle class of Chicago in Riverside, Illinois

Spanish government enacted these colonial legal codes

Ex. one dealt with the planning and layout of colonial cities

Created and thus suspended earlier claims to the land of Antarctica and opened up for scientific research only;

Expanded in 1991 for another 50 years and established new pollution controls and banned mining and oil exploration for 50 years

Australia had largest claim with Chile, Argentina and the UK having overlapping claims

A population with a single culture

Ex.

Nation: England part of the state of the United Kingdom in the country of Great Britain

Nation: Han part of the state of the People's Republic of China in the country of China         

A single culture group under a single government

Ex. Japan, Iceland, Portugal, Lesotho, etc.

French meaing "reason for being"

Why something exists or someone

Ex. National inconography exists as a way of unifying a people and/or state

People without a state

Ex. Kurds (Middle East), Basques (Spain/France), Hmong (Asia), Tibetans (China), Palestinians (Middle East), Tamils (Sri Lanka), etc.

Representation of the environment around a border area

Ex. Along the USA/Mexico border you see Spanish style architecture; border states--> more Spanish spoken, in Mexico side closest to USA more English spoken

A state's leading city that dominates the urban hierarchy; is the political nucleus but also in many times more economically powerful than any other city in the state

Ex. Seoul (South Korea), Luanda (Angola), Sao Paulo (Brazil)

The transfer of certain powers from the state's central government to separate political subdivisions within the state's territory

Ex. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have separate status and own capital from England (asymmetric federalism)

Portion of a country adjacent to its boundaries and fronting another political unit

The frontier zone is a belt lying between two states or between settled and uninhabited or sparsely settled areas

From geographer Robert Sack

An individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over a clearly defined territory considered partially or wholly an exclusive domain;

Or the behavior associated with the defense of the home territory

Created in April 1999

3rd Northern Canadian Territory

Formed from Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (homeland to Inuit people who make up 85% of the area's population and is the basis for the area's culture)

Name means "Our Land" in Inuktitut

Is Canada's largest territory but has the least amount of people (extremely cold temperatures)

Approach to dividing and creating boundaries and the mid-point between two places

Ex. Great Lakes between Canada and USA use this principle

States (usually core states) that attract large numbers of immigrants

Ex. USA, Australia, Western Europe

Hezbollah (Muslim Guerilla Group) vs. Israeli military

Conflict over Muslims world dislike for Israel and loss of Palestinian lands

Eritrea gained its independence from Ethiopia in 1993

With no formal fixed borders another conflict broke out in 1998

Some argue it is more of an issue of "pride" than land

Ended in 2000 with minor border change

Badme is the area at the heart of the conflict

A large territory, urban or rural dominated by or closely associated with a single ethnic group

Ex. French Canadians in Quebec

African-Americans in Southeast USA

Native Americans in Oklahoma, Southwest, Northern and Prairie Provinces

Hispanics along border states

Degree to which a distinctive group is segregated

Measured on a scale of 0-100

(0 no segregation to 100 completely segregated)

Division of a region or state into smaller units, usually along ethnic lines

Ex. Breaking up Yugoslavia into smaller independent states

Movement to reunite a nation's homeland when part of it extends into another state's borders

Ex. Hitler during WWII trying to reunite Germans who were living in parts of Czechoslovakia

Punishments in the form of economic and or diplomatic limits or even isolation

Ex. Trade embargoes (not allowed to trade) with certain countries--> the USA and Cuba

Multi-layered international situation or landscape that has existed since the end of the Cold War

Ex. No longer communism vs. anticommunism but could be US economy, EU, Chinese economy etc.

Movement of people, capital city, services, and government into the central city

Ex. It is the opposite of suburban sprawl

Landscape of cultural festivities; an area within an urban setting set aside for activities

Ex. Central Park used for concerts

Graph showing how primary, secondary and tertiary, etc. are separated

Ex. In Ghana the majority of the employment structure is involved in primary activities

Explains that the price and demand for land increases closer to the CBD

•In order for cities to develop, people had to switch from hunting-gathering to agriculture

Committe created for a specific task that once the task is complete the committtee is disolved

Ex. Committee is formed to develop new park in the city but once the park is created the committee no longer meets

When the British left India, the Hindus and Muslims could not agree on how to rule together

India was partioned creating East and West Pakistan (Hindus staying in India, Muslims moving to East/West Pakistan)

One of the greatest migrations of over 12 million people

West and East Pakistan were separated by over 1,000 miles of Indian territory

West Pakistan contained multiple ethnic groups but East Pakistan was mostly Bengali

Many in West Pakistan spoke Urdu which became the official language of the new country

East Pakistan was upset as most spoke Bengali

Economics and Politically issues also affected East and West Pakistan

East Pakistan paid more taxes while more than half the country's budgest was spent in West Pakistan where the government headquarters was located

In the 1970s East Pakistan became the independent nation of Bangladesh (with India's help)

Nicolas Spykman created

He changed the Heartland Theory

Defined the rimland to be all of Eurasia's periphery, not its core of Russia and Central Asia

The rimland is the key to controlling the world island

Walter Christaller is credited with its creation

Holds that all market areas are focused on a central settlement that is place of exchange and service provisions

Believed that global population was growing exponentially and the food supply arthmetically so there would be a point where the population would outgrow the food supply

Preventive checks on population: moral restraint (wait to have kids until you can afford them)-->slows the population growth to slow

Positive Checks: disease, war, famine, disaster (raised the death rate)

Launched modern followers Neo-Malthusians

Developed by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world; is an example of a dependency perspective

1)     Three-tier structure: division of the world into the core, the periphery and the semi-periphery as a means to help explain the inter-connections between places in a global economy  (you have core/periphery notes from previous units)

2)     Three basic points of the world systems theory as Wallerstein defines:

·        The world economy has one market and a global division of labor

·        Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy

·        World economy has a three-tier structure:

            1) Core.: U.S., Canada, Japan, Australia, and France…

            2) Semi-Periphery: Argentina, China, Russia, and S. Africa…

            3) Periphery: Peru, Bolivia, Haiti, and Kenya…

Created in the 1950s and is an example of a liberal development theory (theories that claim development is a process through which all countries can move)

? Rostow’s Model is a five-stage model of growth and advancement that all developed economies pass through:

Stage 1: The traditional society ~ a country that has not started a process of development, high % of population are involved in agriculture and fishing (primary economic activities) and high % of national wealth goes towards what Rostow calls “nonproductive activities” like religion and military

Stage 2: Preconditions for takeoff ~ elite groups initiate innovative economic activities that lead to investment in new technologies, infrastructure, transportation, water supplies, etc… these projects stimulate an increase in productivity

Stage 3: The takeoff ~ takeoff industries like textiles or food products help generate rapid growth and achieve technical advances to become productive

Stage 4: Drive to maturity ~ modern technology will diffuse beyond takeoff industries to other industries so they experience rapid growth comparable to takeoff industries; workers become more skilled and specialized

Stage 5: Age of Mass Consumption ~ economy shifts from production of heavy industries like steel to consumer goods like motor vehicles and refrigerators; technical knowledge and education levels are high; dominant service-based economy

?Rostow’s model was based on two factors:

     1) MDCs of Western Europe and Anglo-America had joined others in Southern/Eastern Europe and Japan in the process of development ~ if one state becomes developed why can’t others?

     2) Many LDCs contain an abundant supply of raw materials sought by manufacturers in MDCs => funds from sales of these resources could help promote development in the LDCs

?Criticism of Rostow:

            1) Based on Western Europe/Anglo-American development pattern and doesn’t account for roadblocks to development like political corruption, capital flight (factory earnings are sent back to banks in MDCs where it cannot be used to further local development in the LDC/NIC) or postcolonial dependency

            2) In the model states are seen as independent agents rather than one piece of an interlocking system of states

Creator of the term sequent occupance (1929) Whittlesey also is known for mapping out 11 main agricultural regions plus a region where agriculture did not occur (1936)

-These 11 were linked with certain climate zones and divided between five that were important to LDCs and six important to MDCs:

1) Subsistence Farming: farming which uses simple technology, low capital investment, and in which the production of food for the individual farmer's family is the priority

2) Shifting Cultivation: people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively long period

Dominates in Amazon (S. Amer.), Central/West Africa & Southeast Asia

Have two distinctive characteristics:

-Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation & burning debris (slash-and burn agriculture)

-Grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years until soil nutrients are depleted then leave fallow for soil to recover

•         Happens most in small villages with well-recognized boundaries separating neighboring villages

•         Swidden: a patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning; also called ladang, milpa, chena, kaingin

3) Pastoral Nomadism: based on herding of domesticated animals, primarily dry lands of North African and Asia

Ex. Bedouins of Saudi Arabia/ North Africa and the Masai of East Africa

•         Rely on animals (milk, clothing, shelter) more than crops for survival

•         Consume more grain rather than meat because size of herd is a measure of power and prestige and security during adverse environmental conditions

•         Type of animal used depends on region:

•         Camelsà North Africa, Middle East,

            Horseà Central Asia

            Goats and sheepà Multiple societies

4) Intensive Subsistence (Wet Rice Dominate): farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land; primarily the largest concentrations in East and South Asia

•         Wet rice: rice planted on dry land in a nursery & then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

•         Small % of Asia’s agricultural land

•         Dominate however in Southeast China, East India, and much of Southeast Asia

•         Rice is most important crop to Asia region

•         Several steps in growing rice:

1)      Farmer prepares field for planting using oxen plow

2)      Plowed land is flooded with water; too much water can harm; flooded field is called a sawah; Europeans usually call it a paddy (incorrect usage of Malay word for wet rice)

      3) Rice plants grow in submerged water and are harvested by hand

      4) Process continues…

            -Chaff: husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing

            -Threshed: to beat out grain from stalks by trampling it

            -Winnowed: to remove shaft by allowing it to be blown away by the wind

            -Hull: the outer covering of the seed

            -Double cropping: harvesting twice a year from the same field

5) Intensive Subsistence (Crops other than rice dominate):

•         Climate prevents some farmers from growing wet rice in parts of Asia

•         Agriculture in interior of India & northeast China are devoted to crops other than wet rice: mostly human power with wheat and barley being the two most important crops; cash crops include tobacco, cotton, hemp and flax