question

cartography.

answer

the art of making maps.

question

cultural ecology.

answer

geographic approach that emphasizes
human-environment relationships.

question

cultural landscape.

answer

the fashioning of a natural landscape by
a cultural group.

question

contagious diffusion.

answer

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a
feature or trend throughout a population.

question

distance decay.

answer

the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

question

geographic information system. [gis]

answer

a computer system
that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

question

global positioning system. [gps]

answer

a system that determines
the precise position of something on earth through a series of
satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

question

region.

answer

the system used to transfer locations from earth’s surface to a flat map.

question

remote sensing.

answer

the acquisition of data about earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.

question

vernacular region.

answer

an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

question

formal region.

answer

an area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.

question

functional region.

answer

an area organized around a node or focal point.

question

expansion diffusion.

answer

the spread of a feature or trend among
people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

question

gravity model.

answer

a model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

question

hierarchical diffusion.

answer

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places.

question

international date line.

answer

an arc that for the most part follows
180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the international date line heading east (toward america), the clock moves back 24 hours,or one entire day. When you go west (toward asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.

question

greenwich mean time. [gmt]

answer

the time in that time zone
encompassing the prime meridian, or 0° longitude.

question

latitude.

answer

the numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and
south of the equator (0°).

question

longitude.

answer

the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian (0°).

question

meridian.

answer

an arc drawn on a map between the north and south poles.

question

parallel.

answer

a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.

question

prime meridian.

answer

the meridian, designated as 0° longitude, that passes through the royal observatory at greenwich, england.

question

relocation diffusion.

answer

the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

question

scale.

answer

generally, the relationship between the portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole; specifically, the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on earth’s surface.

question

site.

answer

the physical character of a place.

question

situation.

answer

the location of a place relative to other places.

question

stimulus diffusion.

answer

the spread of an underlying principle,
even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

question

environmental determinism.

answer

a nineteenth- and early
twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that
argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could
be found in the physical sciences. geography was therefore the
study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

question

possibilism.

answer

the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions but that people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

question

census tract.

answer

an area delineated by the u.s. bureau of the census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas,
census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.

question

chain migration.

answer

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously
migrated there.

question

crude birth rate. [cbr]

answer

the total number of live births in a
year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

question

crude death rate. [cdr]

answer

the total number of deaths in a year
for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

question

demographic transition.

answer

the process of change in a society’s
population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth
and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

question

demography.

answer

the scientific study of population characteristics.

question

dependency ratio.

answer

the number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

question

doubling time.

answer

the number of years needed to double a
population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

question

emigration.

answer

migration from a location.

question

forced migration.

answer

permanent movement compelled usually
by cultural factors.

question

immigration.

answer

migration to a new location.

question

infant mortality rate.

answer

the total number of deaths in a year
among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

question

internal migration.

answer

permanent movement within a particular
country.

question

intervening obstacles.

answer

an environmental or cultural feature of
the landscape that hinders migration.

question

life expectancy.

answer

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and
medical conditions. life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

question

migration.

answer

a form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location.

question

natural increase rate. [nir]

answer

the percentage growth of a
population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

question

overpopulation.

answer

the number of people in an area exceeding the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

question

physiological density.

answer

the number of people per unit of
area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

question

population pyramid.

answer

a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

question

pull factor.

answer

a factor that induces people to move to a new location.

question

push factor.

answer

a factor that induces people to leave old
residences.

question

refugee.

answer

people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or
political opinion.

question

total fertility rate. [tfr]

answer

the average number of children a
woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

question

voluntary migration.

answer

permanent movement undertaken by choice.

question

zero population growth. [zpg]

answer

a decline of the total fertility
rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

question

agricultural density.

answer

the ratio of the number of farmers
to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

question

brain drain.

answer

large-scale emigration by talented people.

question

ecumene.

answer

the portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

question

guest workers.

answer

workers who migrate to the more developed countries of northern and western europe, usually from
southern and eastern europe or from north africa, in search of
higher-paying jobs.

question

interregional migration.

answer

permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

question

intraregional migration.

answer

permanent movement within one region of a country.

question

medical revolution.

answer

medical technology invented in europe and north america that is diffused to the poorer countries of latin america, asia, and africa. improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

question

pandemic.

answer

disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

question

sex ratio.

answer

the number of males per 100 females in the population.

question

transhumance.

answer

the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

question

epidemiological transition.

answer

distinctive causes of death in each
stage of the demographic transition.

question

migration transition.

answer

a change in the migration pattern in a
society that results from industrialization, population growth,
and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.

question

culture.

answer

the body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people.

question

custom.

answer

the frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

question

cultural ecology.

answer

geographic approach that emphasizes
human-environment relationships.

question

creole.

answer

a language that results from
the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

question

dialect.

answer

a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

question

isogloss.

answer

a boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.

question

language family.

answer

a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history.

question

language group.

answer

a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and
display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

question

lingua franca.

answer

a language mutually understood and
commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.

question

official language.

answer

the language adopted for use by the
government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

question

toponym.

answer

the name given to a portion of Earth’s surface.

question

standard language.

answer

the form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.

question

animism.

answer

belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a
discrete spirit and conscious life.

question

denomination.

answer

a division of a branch that unites a number of local religious congregations in a single legal and administrative body.

question

ethnic religion.

answer

a religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

question

fundementalism.

answer

the literal interpretation and strict
adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch,
denomination, or sect).

question

missionary.

answer

an individual who helps to diffuse a
universalizing religion.

question

monotheism.

answer

the doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god.

question

pilgramage.

answer

a journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred.

question

polytheism.

answer

belief in or worship of more than one god.

question

universalizing religion.

answer

a religion that attempts to appeal to
all people, not just those living in a particular location.

question

sect.

answer

a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.

question

pagan.

answer

a follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times.

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