AP Human Geography Definitions – Flashcards
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| Core-Periphery Model |
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| In world-systems theory, the semi-periphery countries (sometimes referred to as just the semi-periphery) are the industrializing, mostly capitalist countries which are positioned between the periphery and core countries. |
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| Peters Projection |
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| A world map projection in which areas are shown in correct proportion at the expense of distorted shape, using a rectangular decimal grid to replace latitude and longitude. It was devised in 1973 to be a fairer representation of equatorial (i.e., mainly developing) countries, whose area is underrepresented by the usual projections such as Mercator's. |
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| Mercator Projection |
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| A projection of a map of the world onto a cylinder in such a way that all the parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator, used especially for marine charts and certain climatological maps. |
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| Fuller Projection |
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| A projection of a world map onto the surface of an icosahedron, which can be unfolded and flattened to two dimensions. |
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| Goodes-Homosline Projection |
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| An equal-area projection of the world, distorting ocean areas in order to minimize the distortion of the continents. |
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| Robinson Projection |
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| A compromise map projection showing the poles as lines rather than points and more accurately portraying high latitude lands and water to land ratio. |
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| Scale |
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| The relationship between distance on a map and on the earth's surface. |
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| Isoline Map |
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| A line on a map, chart, or graph connecting points of equal value. |
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| Cartogram |
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| A map on which statistical information is shown in diagrammatic form. |
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| Dot Density Map |
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| A map type that uses a dot symbol to show the presence of a feature or phenomenon. Dot maps rely on a visual scatter to show spatial pattern. |
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| Proportional Symbol Map |
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| A map that uses symbols of different sizes to represent data associated with different areas or locations within the map. |
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| Chloropleth Map |
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| A thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map, such as population density or per-capita income. |
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| Malthus Population Catastrophe |
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| A hypothetical limit on human population espoused by English theologian and scholar Thomas Robert Malthus in his 1798 Essay on the Principle of Population. |
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| Neo-Malthusians |
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| A doctrine advocating control of population growth. |
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| Boserup's Hypothesis of Population |
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| A postulate by Danish economist Ester Boserup that agricultural methods depend on the size of the population. The larger the world population grows, the more innovations are made to make feeding the expanding population possible. |
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| Population Pyramid Components |
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| A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing. |
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| Population Pyramid Example Shapes |
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| URL to picture of pyramid examples-http://ts1.mm.bing.net/th?=HN.608042626599224285=300=300=0=1.9=0=0 |
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| Demographic Transition Model |
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| A Model that links population changes to levels of economic, education, and healthcare development. |
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| Demographic Transition Model Visual |
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| URL to picture of DTM- http://ts1.mm.bing.net/th?=HN.608041277972285291=300=300=0=1.9=0=0 |
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| Epidemiologic Transition Model |
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| A phase of development witnessed by a sudden and stark increase in population growth rates brought about by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy and treatment, followed by a re-leveling of population growth from subsequent declines in fertility rates. |
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| Epidemiologic Transition Model Visual |
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| URL of ETM Visual-http://ts1.mm.bing.net/th?=HN.608018385790502483=300=300=0=1.9=0=0 |
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| Gravity Model of Spatial Interaction |
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| The degree of movement of people, goods and ideas within and across geographic space. |
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| Ravenstein's Laws of Migration |
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| 1. Net Migration amounts to only a fraction of the gross migration between 2 places. 2. The majority of migrants move short distances. 3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big city destinations. 4. Urban residents are less migratory than people in rural areas. 5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults. |
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| Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition |
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| The type of migration that occurs within a country depends on how developed it is or what type of society it is. |
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| Model of Migration Transition Visual |
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| URL to visual of MTM- http://ts1.mm.bing.net/th?&id=HN.608017329243033415&w=300&h=300&c=0&pid=1.9&rs=0&p=0 |
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| Indo-European Language |
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| The family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia |
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| I-E Language Diffusion Theories |
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| Agriculture Theory of Language Diffusion- Theory of the diffusion of the Proto-Indo-European language into Europe through the innovation of agriculture (being more efficient than hunting and gathering). Its hearth is around modern day Anatolia (in Turkey). Conquest Theory- Theory of the diffusion of the Proto-Indo-European language into Europe through the speakers' overpowering of earlier inhabitants through warfare and technology (e.g., fighting on horseback). Its hearth is around modern day Ukraine. |
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| Domino Theory |
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| A theory that speculated that if one state in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect. |
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| Heartland Theory |
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| The theory that controlling Eastern Europe is vital to control the world. |
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| Rimland Theory |
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| The theory that the areas are key to controlling the world. |
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| Rank-Size Rule |
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| A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. |
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| World-Systems Theory |
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| As prosperity grows, the majority of the wealth is enjoyed by a core of the population. Furthermore, even though the periphery has a greater population, it is the countries with the strongest economic system that holds the strongest government. |
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| World-Systems Theory Visual |
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| URL to WST Visual- http://schoolworkhelper.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/United-Nations-World-Systems-Theory.gif |
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| Von Thunen's Agricultural Land Use Model |
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| A model of land use that illustrates the trade off between land values and the distance from a central point of attraction. |
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| Von Thunen's Agricultural Land Use Model Visual |
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| URL to Agricultural Land Use Visual- http://www.martinsclass.com/aphug/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Picture-61-185x185.png |
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| First Agricultural Revolution |
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| the transition of humans from nomadic hunting/gathering to sedentary agricultural production of domesticated plants and animals. |
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| Second Agricultural Revolution |
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| The improvement of farming techniques and technology that induced the industrialization of farming. |
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| Third Agricultural Revolution |
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| More advanced technology is developed for farming, land is used more efficiently due to new techniques, and genetically modified organisms are developed. |
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| Liberal Models of Development |
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| Self-Sufficiency Model- says a country should spread investment as equally as possible across all sectors of its economy and in all regions. International Trade Model- The model that illustrates the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. |
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| Structuralist Model of Development |
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| The notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. |
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| New International Division of Labor |
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| The spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries. |
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| Rostow's Stages of Growth |
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| Each stage is a function of productivity, economic exchange, technological improvements, and income. Economic growth occurs when advancing from one stage to another. 1. Traditional Society 2. Transitional Society 3. Take-off 4. The Drive to maturity 5. High Mass Consumption |
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| Fordism |
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| A manufacturing philosophy that aims to achieve higher productivity by standardizing the output, using conveyor assembly lines, and breaking the work into small deskilled tasks. |
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| Post-Fordism |
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| The dominant system of economic production, consumption and associated socio-economic phenomena, in most industrialized countries since the late 20th century. |
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| Location Interdependence Theory |
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| Theory that suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base. |
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| Weber Model of Industrial Location |
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| Theory that states the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration. |
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| Least Cost Theory Visual |
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| URL to Least Cost Visual- http://ts1.mm.bing.net/th?=HN.608050589456073644=300=300=0=1.9=0=0 |
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| Profit Maximization |
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| The best location for an industry is where the profit is the greatest. |
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| Bid Rent Theory |
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| The price and demand for business real estate depends upon the distance of the real estate from the CBD. |
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| Bid Rent Visual |
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| URL to Visual- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bid_rent1.svg |
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| Borchert's Model of Urban Evolution |
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| American urbanization can be divided into 5 unique periods which are characterized by a transportation technology that influenced urban creation and growth. 1. 1790 to 1830: wagons, boats 2. 1830 to 1870: regional railroads, steamboats 3. 1870 to 1920: national, long-distance railroads 4. 1920 to 1970: automobilies, airplanes 5. 1970 to today: satellites, electronics, jets |
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| Central Place Theory |
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| A theory of how the urban hierarchy is functionally and spatially distributed. |
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| Central Place Theory Visual |
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| URL to CPT Visual- http://www.geocurrents.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Central-Place-Theory-Model.jpg |
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| Concentric Circle |
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| A model of a city's functional zones composed of a CBD center and circles gradually increasing. |
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| Concentric Model Visual |
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| URL to CM Visual- http://derbyshireroad.edublogs.org/files/2010/02/Concentric-Model.jpg |
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| Sector Model |
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| A model of a city's functional zones composed of a CBD center and sectors extending outward. |
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| Sector Model Visual |
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| URL to SM Visual- http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Hoyt_model.svg |
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| Peripheral Model |
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| A metropolitan model with an inner city surrounded by suburbs and business areas. |
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| Peripheral Model Visual |
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| URL to PM Visual- http://lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki2011/article_image.php?image_type=article&id=149 |
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| Multiple-Nuclei Model |
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| The CBD is losing dominance in the organization of cities and other sectors are becoming nuclei of their own. |
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| Multiple-Nuclei Model Visual |
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| URL to MNM Visual- http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Ulman2.png |
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| Urban Realms Model |
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| Super cities are formed by a main urban center with independent suburban realms that are interconnected into one functional zone. |
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| Urban Realms Visual |
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| URL to UR Visual- http://ts1.mm.bing.net/th?&id=HN.608047067590167163&w=300&h=300&c=0&pid=1.9&rs=0&p=0 |
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| Latin American Cities Model |
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| Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the Disamenity sectors. |
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| Latin American Cities Visual |
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| URL to LAC Visual- http://ts1.mm.bing.net/th?&id=HN.608003284685684901&w=300&h=300&c=0&pid=1.9&rs=0&p=0 |
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| SE Asian Cities Model |
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| Model that features high-class residential zones that stem from the center, middle-class residential zones that occur in inner-city areas, and low-income squatter settlements that occur in the periphery. |
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| SE Asian Cities Visual |
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| URL to SE AC Visual- http://ts1.mm.bing.net/th?&id=HN.608028556283022897&w=300&h=300&c=0&pid=1.9&rs=0&p=0 |
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| African Cities Model |
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| Model similar to a Concentric Zone Model, but has 3 CBD's, ethnic neighborhoods, informal satellite townships, mining and manufacturing areas, and lacks upper and middle classes. |
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| African Cities Visual |
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| URL to AC Visual- http://ts1.mm.bing.net/th?=HN.608029505472825674=300=300=0=1.9=0=0 |
