Ap Human Geography Chapters 12-13 Vocab – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Reilly's Law Of Retail Gravitation
answer
Two cities will attract tare from intermediate locals in direct proportion to the populations of the two cities and inverse proportion to the square of the distance of these cities to the intermediate place
question
Hotelling's Model
answer
A model by H Hotelling (Economic Journalist in 1939). It's based on the effect of competition on locational decisions. The logical outcome of this will have both salesmen back to back at the center of the business area as long as customers are willing to pay. Indicates locational decisions
question
Bid Rent Theory
answer
How the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the CBD decreases. All companies will compete to land closer to the city. Goal is to maximize profits. The motive is the more accessible the area the more profit they will make
question
Redlining
answer
The practice of denying or increasing the cost of services to residents in certain areas often radically determined
question
Business Services
answer
Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses
question
Central Place
answer
A market center for exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area
question
Market Area (hinterland)
answer
The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services
question
Range
answer
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service
question
Threshold
answer
The minimum number of people needed to support a service
question
Basic Industries
answer
Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement
question
Central Place Theory
answer
A theory that explains the distribution of services base on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel a longer distance
question
Central Business District (CBD)
answer
The area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered
question
City-State
answer
A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate surrounding hinterland.
question
Clustered Rural Settlement
answer
A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement
question
Consumer Services
answer
Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail, health and leisure services
question
Dispersed Rural Settlement
answer
A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages
question
Economic Base
answer
A community's collection of basic industries
question
Enclosure
answer
The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the 18th century
question
Gravity Model
answer
A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service
question
Multiple Nuclei Model
answer
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities
question
Nonbasic Industries
answer
Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community
question
Primate City
answer
The largest settlement in a country. If it has more than two times as many people as the 2nd ranking settlement
question
Primate City Rule
answer
A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
question
Public Services
answer
Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses
question
Rank Size Rule
answer
A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
question
Service
answer
Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it
question
Settlement
answer
A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants
question
Urbanization
answer
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements
question
World City
answer
Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy. Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy
question
Annexation
answer
Legally adding land area to a city in the United States
question
Census Tract
answer
An area deliniated by the US Bureau of Census for which statisitcs are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods
question
Redlining Discrimination
answer
Not all is illegal. When businesses identify areas not to do business
question
Reverse Redlining
answer
A mortgage brokerage or bank systematically singles out minority neighborhoods for loans with interior term like high, up-front fees or high interest rates
question
Zoning Ordinance
answer
written regulations and laws that define how property in specific geographic zones can be used. These specify whether zones can be used for other purposes like regulate lot size, placement and build and height of structures A law that permits the permitted use of land and maximizes density of development in a community
question
NIMBY (not in my backyard)
answer
Used to express opposition by local citizens to the locating in their neighborhood
question
Edge City
answer
A city around a belt way that is a node of consumer and business services
question
Galactic City
answer
Mini edge city that is connected to another city by beltways or highways
question
Exurbia
answer
Compare stockbroker belt the region outside of suburbs consisting of residential areas that are occupied predominantly by rich commuters
question
Urban Heat Island (UNI)
answer
A metropolitan area which is warmer than surrounding rural areas. A dome of heat over a city created my urban activities and conditions. Temperature difference is larger at night than during the day and most when winds are weak. Causes- modification of land surface by urban development which uses materials white effectively retain heat, waste heat generated modifying land more for increase Effects- monthly rainfall greater downwind increases length of growing seasons decreases occurrence of weak tornadoes, death rates go up, decreased air quality
question
City
answer
An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit
question
Combined Statistical Area
answer
In the United States, two or more contiguous core based statistical areas tied together by commuting patterns
question
Concentric Zone Model
answer
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings
question
Density Gradient
answer
The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery
question
Filtering
answer
A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment
question
Food Desert
answer
An area that could be in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain
question
Gentrification
answer
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area
question
Greenbelt
answer
A ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area
question
Megalopolis
answer
A continuous urban complex in the Northeastern US
question
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
answer
In the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city
question
Zone in Transition
answer
An area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD
question
New Urbanism
answer
Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs
question
Peripheral Model
answer
A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road
question
Public Housing
answer
Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families' incomes
question
Renovated Housing
answer
Housing maintained as result of the alternative to demolishing houses
question
Rush Hour
answer
The four consecutive 15 minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic
question
Scattered Site
answer
Site in which dwellings are dispersed throughout the city rather than clustered in a large project
question
Sector Model
answer
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD)
question
Smart Growth
answer
Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland
question
Social Area Analysis
answer
Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and life style live within an urban area
question
Sprawl
answer
Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area
question
Squatter Settlement
answer
An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures
question
Underclass
answer
A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics
question
Urban Area
answer
The region surrounding a city, most inhabitants have non agricultural jobs, area is very developed meaning there is a density of human structures
question
Urban Cluster
answer
In the US, an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants
question
Urbanized Area
answer
A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, low density pan that links the dense suburbs with the core
question
Urban Renewal
answer
Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers
question
Urban Realms Model
answer
Proposes that each realm, or edge, in separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form the larger metropolitan frame-work. The CBD is losing dominance
question
Urban Hierarchy
answer
A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions
