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Ethnicity

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Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. For example Irish.

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Race

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Identity with a group of people who descended form a common ancestor. Skin color can contribute.

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Sharecropper

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Works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.

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Hispanics (or Latinos)

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Ethnicity. At 15% of the total population. Clustered in the southwest,. They prefer to be called Hispanic rather than Latino. 2/3s of Hispanics come from Mexico.

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African Americans

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Ethnicity. At 13% of the total population. Clustered in the southeast.

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American Indian

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At 1% of the total population. Mostly in the Southwest and plains

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Asian American

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Ethnicity. At 4% of the total population. Clustered in the west. More than 40% of the population in Hawaii. 1/2 of all Asian Americans live in California.

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Urban areas

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90% of African Americans and Hispanics live in metropolitan areas. African Americans will be heavily clustered in urban areas, often having a higher percentage of African Americans in the city than in the whole state's overall percentage of African Americans. Same goes with Hispanics.

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Clustering ethnicities in Neighborhoods

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In the early 20th century, many midwest cities attracted groups from Southern and Eastern Europe to help work in factories. Some times the city's residents would be 3/4 immigrants or children of immigrants. The ethnic groups often clustered and made neighborhoods named after the predominant ethnicity.

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The result of European immigrants clustering in newly constructed neighborhoods that were named for the predominant ethnicity.

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Greek town, Pole town, Little Italy, and China town.

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The remnants of the European Immigrants' neighborhoods.

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Many children and grandchildren moved out of the neighborhoods. The mostly visible remnant of these neighborhoods are the clustering of ethnic restaurants in an area.

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The three major migration patterns of African Americans

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1. Forced migration from Africa to the American colonies in the 18th century. 2. Immigration from the U.S. South to northern cities during the first half of the 20th century. 3. Immigrations from inner city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods during the second half of the 20th century and first decade of the 21st century.

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Forced Migration from Africa

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Most African Americans descended from slaves forced to migrate to the western hemisphere. The first slaves arrived at Jamestown in 1619. During the 18th century, the British shipped 400,000 Africans slaves to the 13 colonies. In 1808 The U.S. banned bringing any more Africans over, but over 250,000 were illegally imported.

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Other European Countries participating in the slave trade

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Different European countries operated in different parts of Africa, selling slaves to various destinations in the Americas. The majority of these slaves went to the Caribbean islands and the remainder went to Central and South America. Fewer that 5% of these slaves ended up in The U.S.

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The Portuguese

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Shipped slaves from African colonies like Angola and Mozambique, to Brazil.

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Triangular Slave Trade

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A practice, primarily in the 18th century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to the Caribbean Islands, molasses from the Caribbean Islands to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. Some ships added an extra step, in which molasses was carried from The Caribbean to the NorthAmerican colonies, and rum from the colonies to Europe.

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Conditions on the ships

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Many families were separated and many villages were destroyed. Traders wanted young, strong villagers. Africans were packed densely, kept in chains, and fed very little. 1/4 died crossing the Atlantic.

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Freedom

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When the Thirteenth Amendment was passed in 1865, many slaves stayed in the Southeast as sharecroppers. The system did not benefit the poor African Americans, with high interest rates and heavy debts.

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Immigration to the North

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African Americans migrated out of the south along several clearly defined channels. Southern African Americans migrated north and west in two main waves, one in the 1910's and 1920's, the other in the 1940's and 1950's. The World Was stimulated the expansion of factories to produce war materials.

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The East Coast Channel

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From the Carolinas and other South Atlantic states north to Baltimore, New York, and other northeastern cities.

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The East Central Channel

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From Alabama and Eastern Tennessee north to either Detroit or Cleveland.

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West Central Channel

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From Mississippi and Western Tennessee north to St.Louis and Chicago.

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Southwest Channel

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From Texas west to California.

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Expansion of the Ghetto

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When they reached big cities, African Americans clustered in neighborhoods where small numbers had already arrived. These areas became known as Ghettos. Many families who lived in the Ghettos lived in one rooms, because of the shortage of housing. Many houses lacked bathrooms, kitchens, hot water, and heat. Many African Americans moved out of the crowded ghettos into immediately adjacent neighborhoods during the '50s and '60s.

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Race and ethnicity

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Race and ethnicity are often confused. There are three prominent ethnic groups: Asian Americans, African Americans, and Hispanic American. They all display distinct cultural traditions.

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Asian American: ethnicity vs. race

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Asian is identified as a race by the U.S. Bureau of Census. Asian is a race, Asian American is an ethnicity.

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African American: ethnicity vs. race

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African American and back are different groups, although the 2000 census combined them. Most black Americans descended from African immigrants, which makes them belong to the ethnicity African American. Some black Americans trace their ancestry to a place other than Africa, like Latin America, Asia, or Pacific Islands. Black denotes nothing more than skin color, while African American identifies with extensive culture tradition, but the two terms are used interchangeably as a result of judgement and daily language.

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Hispanic/Latino: ethnicity vs. race

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Neither term is considered a race, so on the census form, members of the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity can choose ant race they choose- Black, White, or other.

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What can determine a race

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Characteristics that can be transmitted genetically from parents to children.

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Racism

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The belief that a race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce and inherent superiority of a particular race.

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Rasist

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Is a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.

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Blockbusting

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A process by which real estate agents convinced white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.

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Division by race in South Africa

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South Africa created a policy called the Apartheid. The Apartheid was the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas. Babies were classified as- Black, White, colored (mixed white and black), or Asian. Each of the four races had different legal status in South Africa. The laws determined where different races could live, attend school, work, shop, and own land.

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What is a nationality?

answer

Identity with people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a country (US has separated nationality from ethnicity)

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What can distinct ethnicities join together to form?

answer

nation states (countries)

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What is self determination?

answer

ethnicities that govern themselves (denmark;90% of denmark's people are Danish and speak the language.)

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The world's largest island (greenland) is ruled by who?

answer

denmark

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What percent of Greenlanders are Danish?

answer

12%

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What is Greenlands official language?

answer

greenlandic

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Most europeans countries are divided based on what?

answer

ethnicity

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What is Nationalism?

answer

loyalty and devotion to a nation (promoting symbols)

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Nationalism is an example of what?

answer

centripetal force

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What is centripetal force?

answer

directing towards the center. (center being government)

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What are multiethnic states?

answer

states that contain more than one ethnicity

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What is a multinational state?

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2 major ethnic groups who both want self determination, but agree to coexist peacefully within the same nation.

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How many nationalities does the UK contain?

answer

4 (but it remains united as one country. they each have different teams in the world cup)

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For about 50 years, what was the world's largest multinational state?

answer

soviet union (12 different time zones. Since it broke up in the early 1990's, it has evolved into 15 different countries.)

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Name a group of new nations that broke from the soviet union

answer

baltic nations of Latvia, Lithuania, and Ethiopia (each have distinct languages and culture)

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Other central Asian countries from the old soviet union have formed based on what?

answer

common religion (islam) and language

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How many nationalities does Russia have?

answer

39

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What percent of Russia is not Russian?

answer

20% (some groups are pushing for independence)

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Name a group in Russia that is pushing for independence

answer

chechnya

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When the soviet union broke up in 1990, Chechens wanted what?

answer

independence (russia wouldn't allow it and fought. It has huge oil reserves)

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Throughout most of the 20th century, the power of the soviet union and it's communist governments in eastern europe were so powerful that most people believed what?

answer

ethnicity didn't have much influence

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What language did everyone under soviet control have to learn?

answer

russian and freedom of religion wasnt allowed

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When the soviet union broke up, many of these hundreds of ethnicities demanded what?

answer

independence

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Countries like Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia have split into countries like what?

answer

bosnia and serbia (not always peaceful)

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Nationality

answer

Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country Application: Comes from the Latin word nasci which means "to have been born" Example: Citizens of the United States In Canada the Quebecois are clearly distinct from other Canadians in language, religion, and other cultural traditions. if they were recognized as a separate nationality though it would be very easy for the Quebec government to break away from Canada as an Independent country.

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Nationalism

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Having pride, loyalty, and devotion in one's country Application: In America people are usually not very prideful of the country except for when it comes to July 4th and all of sudden everyone is MUUUURICAN and God Bless the USA. etc. Example: promoting flags and songs anything to do with the country

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Ethnic conflict in Lebanon

answer

Lebanon has been severely damaged by fighting among ethnicities since the 1970's. It is divided between around 60% Muslims and 40% Christians. Majority Christian sect is Maronites Muslims have Sunnis and Druze . The President of Lebanon was Maronite Christian the premier a Sunni Muslim, the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shiite Muslim, and the foreign minister a Greek Orthodox Christian. Maronites concentrated in west-central part, Sunnis in the northwest, and Shiites in the South and East. The capital, Beirut, has been divided between a Christian eastern zone and a Muslim western zone. During a civil war between 1975-1990 each religious group formed a private army to guard it's territory. civil war ended in 1990 and gave each religion one half of the 128 seats in Parliament

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Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka

answer

Inhabited by 3 principal ethnicities Sinhalese, Tamil, and Moors. War between the Sinhalese and Tamil erupted in 1983 and continued until 2009. 80,000 people died. Sinhalese- compromise 74% of Sri Lanka's population. Migrated from Northern India in the fifth century occupying the southern 2/3rds of the island. 300 years later converted to Buddhism Tamils-compromise 16%. Migrated across the narrow 50 mile wide Palk Strait from India beginning in the third century and occupied northern part of the island. Tamils are Hindus Moors- compromise 10% they are ethnic Arabs descended from traders from Southwest Asia . Adhere to Islam but speak either Tamil or Sanhalese. The dispute between Sinhalese and Tamil extends back more than 2000 years ago but was suppressed during 300 years of European control. Since the country gained independence in 1948, Sinhalese gave dominated the government, military, and most of the commerce. Tamil has received support for a rebellion that began in 1983 it ended in 2009 with the defeat of the Tamils.

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Kurdistan

answer

in Western Asia who live in the Caucasus Mountains. The Kurds are Sunni Muslims who speak a language in the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European and have distinctive literature, dress, and other cultural traditions. When the victorious European allies carved up the Ottoman Empire after World War 1 they created an independent state of KURDISTAN under the 1920 Treaty of Sevres. Before the treaty was ratified, however the Turks fought successfully to expand the territory under their control beyond the small area the allies had given to them. Kurdistan became a part of Turkey and disappeared as an independent state. The 30 million Kurds are split among eastern Turkey (14 million), Iraq (5 million), Western Iran (4 million), Syria (2 million)

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ethnic cleansing

answer

process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. Application: recently still carried out in Europe and Africa Example: The Holocaust, during World War 2 (1939-1945)German Nazis deported million of Jews, gypsies, etc. Forcing many into concentration camps, killing them.

question

Ethnic cleansing in Africa

answer

In Sudan several civil wars have happened since the 1980s between the Arab-Muslim dominated government in the north and other ethnicities in east, south, and west. Black Christian and animist ethnicities resisted government attempts to convert the country from a multi ethnic society to one nationality tied to Muslim traditions. A north, south war between 1983 and 2005 resulted in the death of 1.9 million Sudanese. Ended with establishment of South Sudan, fighting resumed as the governments of Sudan and South Sudan could not agree on boundaries (religion based) Ethnic war in western Sudan in Darfur. Darfur's black Africans launched a rebellion in 2003. Marauding Arab nomads with the support of Sudanese government crushed the black population. 480,000 people killed. 2.8 in refugee camps. (considered genocide) Ethnicities in the east fought Sudanese government forces between 2004 and 2006 with the support of neighboring Eritrea, the issue was disbursement of profits from oil.

question

Hutus & Tutsis

answer

these 2 speak the same language, hold similar beliefs, and practice similar social customs. Hutus- settled farmers growing crops in present-day Rwanda and Burundi Tutsis- cattle herders who migrated to present-day Rwanda and Burundi from Rift valley of western Kenya beginning 400 years ago. Genocide in Rwanda in 1994 involved Hutus murdering thousands of Tutsis (as well as Hudus sympathetic to Tutsis) Began after an airplane was shot down, believed to be a Hutu unhappy with the presidents' attempts to seek peace between Hutus and Tusis. After Germany was defeated Belgium was given control of the colony (Rwanda) Belgium administrators permitted a few Tutsis to attend college and hold gov't positions, while excluding the Hutus altogether. Separate identity cards were given to the 2 ethnicities. When Rwanda became independent in 1962 Hutus gained power and undertook ethnic cleansing against the Tutsis . Descendants of the ethnically cleansed Tutsis invaded Rwanda in 1990. An agreement to share power was signed in 1993 but the assassination of the president in 1994 , Hutus launched genocide aganst Tutsis, killing 800,000 people. The genocide ended after three months with Tutsis gaining control. 2 million Hutu fled to neighboring countries in the ethnic cleansing that followed the Tutsis victory.

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Colonial legacy's effect on ethnic conflict

answer

ethnic conflict is wide spread in Africa because the present-day boundaries of countries do not match the boundaries of ethnic groups. European countries carved up the continent into a collection of colonies with little regard to distribution of ethnicities. Most important unit of society was the tribe rather than independent states with political and economic self determination. Africa contains thousands of ethnicities (tribes) the number of tribes in undetermined because boundaries separating them are not clearly defined. When the colonies became independent the boundaries of the new states matched the colonial administrative units imposed by Europeans. As a result some tribes were divided among more than one modern state and others were grouped with dissimilar tribes.

question

Creating Multi-Ethnic Yugoslavia

answer

- Yugoslavia named for Balkan Mountains, Yugo means south - Northern portions incorporated into Austria-Hungary empire and South was ruled by Ottomans - allies created new country post WW2 to unite Balkan ethnicities that spoke similar South Slavic languages: most numerous were Serbs and Croats - Seven neighbors, six republics, five nationalities, four languages (Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene), three religions (Roman Catholic in N, Eastern Orthodox in E, Islam in S), two alphabets (Roman alphabet and Cyrillic), and one dinar (currency)

question

Destruction of Multi-Ethnic Yugoslavia

answer

- Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Serbia broke away to form independent countries after Josip Broz Tito died - Yugoslavia's republics transformed from local government units to separate five countries and ethnicities fought for new boundaries -- didn't match territory occupied by 5 nationalities and country had other major ethnicities that didn't have official recognition as nationalities

question

Ethnic cleansing

answer

a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region - point is to defeat an enemy, rid area of ethnicity so surviving ethnic group can be sole inhabitants - prominent in Bosnia, Herzegovina, Kosovo

question

Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia

answer

- largest group in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia Muslim) considered ethnicity and not nationality, Serbs and Croats fought to unite portions of republic they inhabited in Croatia and Serbia - ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims to ensure areas were homogeneous and better candidates for union with Serbia and Croatia - accord in 1996 divided Bosnia and Herzegovina into three regions one each dominated by Bosnian Croats, Muslims, Serbs

question

Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo

answer

- Ethnic Albanians (90%) , Serbia had control of Kosovo - Under Tito, Albanians received administrative autonomy and national identity but after Yugoslavia broke up, Serbia took control and launched campaign of ethnic cleansing of Albanians - NATO launched air attack on Serbia -- Serbia agreed to withdraw troops and soldiers from Kosovo

question

Balkanized

answer

describes a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other

question

Balkanization

answer

process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities as a threat to peace throughout the world, not just in a small area

question

Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa

answer

- Conflicts between Hutus and Tutis -- Hutus were settled farmers growing crops in hills of Rwanda and Burundi, Tutsi were cattle herders who came from Kenya to Rwanda/Burundi - Tutsi (15%) took control of Rwanda and turned Hutu into serfs - Rwanda was German colony but League of Nations gave it to Belgium-- Administrators allowed some Tutsis to go to college and hold gov't positions but no Hutu - Hutus killed most of Tutsi out of fear Tutsis would take control of country - President of Rwanda and Burundi plane shot down (Tutsi) and children of ethnically cleansed Tutsis came back into Rwanda from Uganda, defeated Hutu army, killed 500,000 Hutus (3 million Hutus left out of 7) -Tutsis overthrew Congo president Joseph Mobutu in 1997 and replaced him with Laurent Kabila -- Tutsis later split with him and led rebellion to gain control of east Congo - Belgian Congo gained independence in 1960 and produced copper, diamonds, and gold - Mobutu reduced European influence by changing country to Zaire, cities and families changed names from European to African and he made a fortune while everyone was in poverty - Rebels tried to overthrow him but unsuccessful until Tutsis helped, Kabila took over and let them kill Hutus responsible for killing Tutsis in 1990s - Kabila split from Tutsis and Tutsis helped overthrow him -- assassinated but son took over but negotiated with rebels

question

When boundaries were redrawn in Europe after World War II, what was the effect on various ethnic groups?

answer

They were forced to migrate as a result of boundary changes

question

How is ethnic cleansing different than normal warfare?

answer

The point is not simply to beat the enemy

question

What are the countries of the Balkan Peninsula?

answer

Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania

question

What are Yugoslavian's five nationalities?

answer

Croat, Macedonian, Monetenegren, Serb, and Slovene

question

Yugoslavian's four languages?

answer

Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Slovene

question

Yugoslavian's three religions?

answer

Roman Catholic(north), Eastern Orthodox(east), and Islam(south)

question

Yugoslavian's two alphabets

answer

Roman(croatian and slovene), and Cyrillic(macedonian and serbian)

question

What ethno-political problems did the country face after death of Tito in the 80s and fall of communism in the 90s?

answer

USSR broke into many independent countries which fought over boundaries

question

Why did the Serbs and Croats in Bosnia ethnically cleanse themselves of Bosnian Muslims?

answer

To strengthen their cases for breaking away from Bosnia and Herzegovian

question

Who got the best deal and the worst?

answer

Best-Serb region, worst-Bosnia Muslim

question

What country and ethnicity control Kosovo today?

answer

Multiethnic

question

What ethnic group lives in Kosovo and the percentage?

answer

Albanians 90%

question

With the breakup of Yugoslavia, what began to happen in Kosovo?

answer

Serbia took complete control

question

How did the US and UN respond? (Kosovo)

answer

They launched air attacks against Serbia

question

If peace comes to the Balkan Peninsula in the next few years, why will it be a"in a tragic way," according to the author of the textbook?

answer

Because ethnic cleansing "worked"

question

What happened when independence came to the countries?

answer

Hutus were finally able to vote and they won all the elections, and also started to murder thousands of Tutsi people

question

How did Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe and other countries come to be involved?

answer

The Tutsis tried going to neighboring countries and the Hutus started attacking them to gain power

question

Apartheid

answer

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

question

Balkanization

answer

A process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.

question

Barrio

answer

A Spanish-speaking neighborhood.

question

Blockbusting

answer

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood.

question

Centripetal force

answer

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.

question

Centrifugal force

answer

A strong, divisive force, such as religious differences or a weak communication systems, at work in a country.

question

Ethnic cleansing

answer

A purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.

question

Ethnic enclave

answer

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area.

question

Ethnicity

answer

Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

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Genocide

answer

The mass killing of a group of people in attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence.

question

Nationalism

answer

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country.

question

Nationality

answer

Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place.

question

Race

answer

Identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait, such as skin color.

question

Racism

answer

Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

question

Self-determination

answer

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will.

question

Ethnocentrism

answer

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

question

Balkanized

answer

A small geographic area that cannot successfully be organized into stable countries because it is inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other.

question

Racist

answer

A person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.

question

Sharecropper

answer

A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.

AP Human Geography Chapter 7 Key Issue 1-4 – Flashcards

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