ap human geography chapter 6 key terms – Flashcards
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language
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set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication
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standard language
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one that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught
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dialects
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variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines
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isogloss
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geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs, but such a boundary is a rarely simple line
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mutual intelligibility
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means that two people can understand each other when speaking
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dialect chains
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linguists think of them as distributed across space
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language families
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closely related languages; at a global scale they can be clasified as...
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subfamilies
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divisions within a language family
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sound shift
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Slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin.
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proto-indo-european
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from jones's notions and grimm's ideas came the first major linguistic hypothesis, proposing the existence of an ancestral indo-european language called...
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bakward reconstruction
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Linguistics use this technique to track sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language
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extinct language
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language without any native speakers
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deep reconstruction
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technique using the vocubulary of extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language
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nostratic
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proto-indo-european language ancient ancestor
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language divergence
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whena lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the new language
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language convergence
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when people with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one
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conquest theory
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One major theory of how proto-indo-europena diffused into europe; holds that early speakers of Proto-indo-european spread westward on horseback
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dispersal hypothesis
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Hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and onto the Balkans.
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romance language
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lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed
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germanic language
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reflect the exppansion of peoples out of northern europe to the west and south
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slavic language
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developed as slavic people migrated froma base in present- day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago
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lingua franca
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a languageused among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerse
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pidgin language
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language created when people combine parts of their language into a simplified structure
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creole language
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a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people
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monolingual states
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countries in which only one language is spoken
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multilingual states
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countries in which more than one language is spoken
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official language
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The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
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global language
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a common language of trade and commerce used aound the world
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place
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uniqness of a location
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typonyms
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place name
