AP Human Geography Chapter 2 : Key Issue #3 – Flashcards

a process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and a low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population

- low population level - very low standard of living: little education, no medical care, no industrialization, rural dwellers, subsistence economy - very high birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase

- rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates produce very high natural increase - due to Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America (late 1700s) - Medical Revolution in Africa, Asia and Latin America (late 1900s) - pollution (increased industrialization), mass production (cash economy), some medical care, some education, increasingly urban

- birth rates rapidly decline, death rates continue to decline and natural increase rates begin to moderate - population continues to grow but less rapidly - population is at its highest level - CBR drops because people decide to have fewer children once IMR declines - smaller families, higher standards of living, medical and education for most, urbanized society, highly industrialized

- very low birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease - CDR is equal to CBR, but both are at low levels - NIR is zero - population stays constant at a high level ("Zero Population Growth" - ZPG) - urbanized societies with gender equality; high end service industry drives economy

What do demographers PREDICT would be characteristics of a Stage 5 in the demographic transition?

What are two approaches to reduce birth rates?

- more women able to attend school (and remain in school longer) --> they more likely to learn employment skills and gain more economic control over their lives - better education = better understand reproductive rights, make and select more effective methods of contraception - improved health care = IMRs decline through such programs as improved prenatal care, child immunization, counseling about STD's - survival of more infants ensured, women would be more likely to choose to make effective use of contraceptives to limit the number of children

- to reduce birth rates much more rapidly, put resources into family planning programs - demand for contraceptive devices in developing countries is greater than the available supply - most effective way to increase their use is to distribute more of them cheaply and quickly

In what areas are these methods (birth control) not having an effect on the birth rate?

the population was growing much more rapidly than Earth's food supply because population increase geometrically whereas food supply increased arithmetically (late 1700s)

- in Malthus's time only a few relatively wealthy countries entered stage 2 of the DTM (rapid population increase) - Malthus failed to anticipate that relatively poor countries would have the most rapid population growth because of transfer of medical technology from developed countries (gap between population growth and resources is wider than he anticipated) - world population is outstripping a wide variety of resources, not just food production

- believe Malthus is incorrect because "Malthusian Beliefs" are based on a belief that the world's supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding - larger population could stimulate economic growth and production of more food - create a greater demand for goods resulting in more jobs - more people means more brains to invent good ideas for improving life - poverty, hunger, and other social welfare problems associated with lack of economic development are a result of unjust social and economic institutions, not population growth (no cause-and-effect relationship between population growth and economic development)

What is the 1st break in the demographic transition? (What are their causes?)

What is the 2nd break in the demographic transition? (What are their causes?)