Ap Human Geography Chapter 2 Test Questions – Flashcards
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Demographic Transition model:
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the steps through which a society progresses *The Demographic Transition model helps me understand this concept better.
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Epidemiological transition
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The a distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition. Explains how countries' population changes **Black Plaque " fleas on rats"
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gravity model
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A model that holds the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service *Starbucks in NYC
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Agricultural revolution
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the development of farming people didn't have to rely on hunting and gathering *Plows
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Census
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A complete enumeration of a population * Census is redone every decade
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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
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The number of live births yearly per 1,000 people in a population. *(natality)
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Crude Death Rate (CDR)
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The number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in a population * the CDR in LDC's are higher than in MDCs
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Demography
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the scientific study of population characteristics Look statistically at how people are distributed spatially by age, gender, occupation, fertility, and health *The Demography of people who use snapchat is 13-30
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Dependency ratio
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the number of people who can't work *0-14 and over 65
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Doubling Time
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the time it takes for an area's population to double *increase by 100%
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Ecumene
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the area of land occupied by humans * How much space we are taking up
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Epidemiology
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The branch of medical science concerned with the incidents, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large number of people * science that is concerned with disease
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Industrial Revolution
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A series of improvements in industrial technology that transforms the process of manufacturing goods *Machines
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Infant Mortality Rate
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The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1000 live births in a society *much higher in LDCs because of lack of medical
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Life Expectancy
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A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live *My life expectancy is 100 :)
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Medical Revolution
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the leap of medical knowledge in stage 2 of the demographic transition *Hopefully the next medical revolution will be the cure of cancer
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Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
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Natural Increase Rate (NIR) Population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths; does not reflect either emigrant or immigrant movements *More Population naturally
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Overpopulation
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too many people in one place for the resources available *occurs when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. *Can be a threat to some regions in the world, but not others.
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Pandemic
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Disease that occur over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population * Fleas on rats
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Population Pyramids
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A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex * Can go either way
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Sex ratio
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the ratio of men to women *without balance, population will be affected
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Total Fertility rate
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the average number of children a woman has *1.9 in the US 6 in LDC
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Zero population growth (ZPG)
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Where natural birth rate declines to equal crude birth rate and the natural rate of population approaches 0 *NO change
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Age distribution
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The proportion of individuals of different ages within a population. You can use an age distribution to estimat survival by calculating the difference in proportion of individuals in succeeding age classes *Baby Boomers
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carrying capacity
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the maximum number of organisms of a particular species that can be supported indefinitely in a given environment *resources
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cohort
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measures refer data to a population group unified by a specified common characteristic *squads
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Demographic equation
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NIR = CBR - CDR *simple math
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Demographic momentum
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is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model * rollercoaster
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Demographic regions
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Regions grouped together by the stage of the demographic transition model that most countries in the region are in. Sections/Countries that are in the same stage
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diffusion of fertility control
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Shows how many children a mother is having. *baby average
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disease diffusion
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There are two types, contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical is along high density areas that spread from urban to rural areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people. This is important in determining how the disease spread so you can predict how it will spread. *How Disease spreads
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gendered space
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areas or regions designed for men or women. *Specific space for each
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J-curve
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The shape of a line graph of population graph when growth is exponential *Huge increase
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maladaptaion
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s a trait that is (or has become) more harmful than helpful, i All organisms, from bacteria to humans, display maladaptive and adaptive traits. * bad habits
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Malthus, Thomas (Thomas Malthus)
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British economist of late 1700's. considered the first to predict a population crisis * Overpopulation will cause us to run out of food
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Mortality
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the rate at which people die *Medical gains are helping to make that age higher
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Natality
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*birth rate CBR
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Neo-Malthusians
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group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources * first Apocalypse believers :)
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Population Density
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A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land *Population
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Population Distribution
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Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live *Where people choose to live
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Population Explosion
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The rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever- shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase. *The world is getting populated quicker
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Population Projection
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Estimation of future population growth, by extrapolating current trends and known growth factors *Hypothesis about the future Populations
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S curve
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the horizontal bending, or leveling, of an exponential or J-curve *leveling off
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Standard of living
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The goods a services and their distribution within a population * the standard of living in my house is good :)
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Sustainability
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The level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources * recycle, reuse, renew
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underpopulation (Is that even a real word??)
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A drop or decrease in a region's population *Last man on earth
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• Study of population is important for 3 reasons:
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1. More people are alive at this time (7 billion+) 2. The world's population increased at a faster rate during the 2nd half of the 20th century. 3. Virtually all global population growth is concentrated in developing countries.
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How is Population distributed
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by examining 2 basic properties. **Concentration and density
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How many population clusters
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4 South Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe
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East Asia
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1⁄4 of the world's people lives here. ▫ Eastern China, Japan, Korean Peninsula, & Taiwan. • People's Republic of China: most populous country and the 4th largest country in land area. ▫ Population clustered near Pacific Coast and several fertile river valleys. ▫ Most interior is sparsely inhabited mountains and deserts. ▫ 1⁄2 live in rural areas (farmers) • 3⁄4 of Japanese and Koreans live and work in urban areas (industrial or service jobs
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South Asia
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• 1⁄4 of world's people live here ▫ India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, island of Sri Lanka,. • Largest concentration of people live along a corridor from Lahore, Pakistan through India and Bangladesh to the Bay of Bengal. • Population clustered along the plains of the Indus and Ganges Rivers • India: ▫ Heavy clustering along the Arabian Sea to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the East. • Most people rural (farmers
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Southeast Asia
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• 600 million people lives here. ▫ Series of islands that lie between the Indian and Pacific oceans. • Indonesia: • ▫ 13,677 islands ▫ World's 4th most populous country. ▫ Largest concentration on island of Java. High population concentration in the Philippines ▫ Population clustered along river valleys and deltas at the SE tip of Asian mainland (Indochina) • Farmers
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Europe
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Includes 4 dozen countries ▫ Monaco (.7 square miles) to Russia (world's largest land area) • 3⁄4 people live in cities • Fewer than 10% are farmers • Highest population concentration: ▫ Major rivers and coalfields of Germany and Belgium ▫ London and Paris (Capitol cities)
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2 other clusters
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Largest population concentration in the Western Hemisphere is in the northeaster United States and Southeastern Canada. • Atlantic Coast from Boston to Newport News, Virginia and westward along the Great Lakes to Chicago. •Africa: • Largest cluster is along the Atlantic Coast • Nigeria most populous country. • West Africans work in agriculture
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Dry lands
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too dry for farming occupy 20% of the Earth's surface. •Deserts lack sufficient water to grow crops that could sustain a population. •Contain oil reserves
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Wet lands
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receive very high levels of precipitation •Located near the equator •Combination of rain and heat rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil.
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cold Lands
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Much of the land nearer the North and South poles covered with ice or permafrost. •Unsuitable for agriculture. •Few animals and humans survive climate.
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Highlands
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mountains are steep, snow covered, sparsely settled. •High altitude: densely populated. •Low latitude: densely populated where agriculture is possible.
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Agricultural density
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• Arable: land suited for agriculture. •Importance: • Helps account for economic differences. • Developed: lower agricultural densities because technology and finance. • Geographers examine physiological and agricultural densities together .
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How can we explain population increase
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Population increases in places where more people are born then die. It also increases when people move into places.
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Where is virtually all of the worlds NIR (Natural Increase rate)
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. More than 95% of he NIR are clustered in LDC's. ¼ is in Saharan Africa, 1/3 in South Asia
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What is the world's TFR ( total fertility rate)
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2.6, 6.0 in LDC 1.9 in Europe
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Where is the worlds highest IMR (infant Mortality Rate)
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The Highest IMR is also in LDC's The IMR reflects the countries healthcare system, Lower IMR's are in countries with well trained doctors and nurses and large supplies of medicine
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What is today's NIR (Natural Increase rate)
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1.2 The population of the world is growing by 1.2%
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What was the global NIR (Natural Increase rate) at its peak
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2.2% in 1963
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How many people are added to the world each year
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80 million
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In what region is the most growth occuring
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LDC's ¼ is in Saharan Africa, 1/3 in South Asia
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Mortality rates globally
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MDC 80 years old LDC's 50 years old
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industrial revolution
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a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
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medical revolution
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medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffuse to the poorer countries of latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
