Ap Human Geography Chapter 13 Test Questions – Flashcards
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Define the term CBD in one word.
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Downtown
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List four characteristics of a typical CBD.
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-Less than 1% of urban land area -Accessible -Contains large % public, business, and consumer cervices -Focal point of region's transportation network
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A store accessible to many people ex: Target, Sears, Macy's
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High Threshold
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Specialist, with customers that don't come regularly ex: Wedding dress store, custom tailor
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High Range
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Why are these shops decreasing in the CBD?
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They are being trampled by high threshold stores/ cheaper to relocate to suburbs.
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Another type of shop in the CBD are those which provide services to downtown workers. Give three examples.
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Apple Macy's Dillard's
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Why are these shops increasing?
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Most business people work in the CBD, so they are likely to shop there during breaks.
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______ and _______ discourage ______ and _______ in the CBD.
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High rents land shortage Industrial residential
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What is happening to the old manufacturing districts in American CBDs?
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They are getting turned into tourist attractions.
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Regarding residential uses - identify a factor pushing them out of the CBD and another that is pulling them elsewhere. Pushing Pulling
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Pushing Pulling High rents Large homes
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Describe how the intense land use of CBDs has created expansion of the CBD "above" and "below" in order to maximize the small space of the downtown?
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CBDs can't leave downtown area so they expand underground and above ground.
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Area of a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain.
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Food Desert
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How is the underground utilized in cities?
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Garages, loading docks, pipes; anything you wouldn't want to see.
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How is "land use" distributed within a typical skyscraper?
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Retail on the ground floor, and office buildings on the top.
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What is the only major U.S. city without skyscrapers?
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Washington D.C.
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Model of internal structures of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings; E.W. Burgess 1- CBD 2- zone in transition- industry and poorer quality housing 3- zone of working class homes 4- zone of better residences 5- commuters' zone- beyond continuous built up city area
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Concentric Zone Model
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Homer Hoyt in 1939; model of internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors/wedges radiating out from the CBD
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Sector Model
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Harris and Ullman in 1945; city is a complex structure including more than one center around which activities revolve; nodes include universities and airports
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Multiple Nuclei Model
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Urban areas that contain about 5,000 residents + correspond to neighborhood boundaries.
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Census Tracts
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What three types of days are reported by the U.S. Census Bureau regarding the population of each census tract?
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-# of non-whites -median income -% of adults who finish high school.
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Comparing people of similar living standards, ethnic background and lifestyle within an urban area.
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Social Area Analysis
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What two things can we deduce by combining all three models rather than considering them independently?
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-People tend to reside in contain locations depending on particular personal characteristics. -People prefer to live near others who have similar characteristics.
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What are the advantages of living in the inner-ring near the city center?
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Proximity to shops, restaurants, cafes & cultural facilities.
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List three points about the conditions of European suburbs, where the poor live.
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-Long commutes on public transportation -Poorer shops and schools -Crime, violence & drug dealing
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List five ways that a European CBD differs from a North American CBD.
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Not as commercial Low rise structures Minimal noter vehicles Many residents Rents are higher due to less land
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Spine (commercial or residential), tradition fuses with globalization impact, combines sector and concentric zone model, want to live along spine connecting to CBD
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Latin American City Model
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Describe the elite spine sector developed in Latin American cities.
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Elite residential sector with offices, shops, & amenities for wealthy people; water & electricity readily available.
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What are the causes of squatter settlement?
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Population increase and migration from rural areas for jobs; housing shortage for large number of urban immigrants.
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Area in a city in an LDC where people illegally establish residences on land they don't own or rent.
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Squatter Settlements
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Describe series and amenities in a typical squatter settlement.
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Latrines designated by settle meant leaders; water carried from a well; electricity stolen by running wire to power line.
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Cities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America resemble European cities in their structure. This is not a condense because...
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European colonial policies helped develop cities in LCDs.
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Colonial cities often contained a new "European sector" to the side of the pre-colonial city. Contrast their various elements in the table below. "Old Quarters" - pre-colonial city "European district" -colonial addition
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"Old Quarters"- pre-colonial city -Narrow winding streets -little open space -cramped residences "European district" - colonial addition -greed street plan -church or central plaza -walls around houses -wider streets -lower population density
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List the elements of an urban area according to the peripheral model.
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Consists of an inner city surrounded by a large suburban residential and business areas that live together by a bell way or ring road.
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Problems peripheral areas lack
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The severe physical, social, and economic problems of inner city neighborhoods.
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Problems peripheral areas have
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Sprawl and segregation that characterize many suburbs.
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Urban settle meant that has been legally incorporated into an independent self governing unit.
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City
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What are the three basic characteristics of a city?
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Locally elected officials, ability to raise taxes, and responsibility for essential services.
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Urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants.
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Urbanized Area
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What is the functional area of a city?
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Metropolitan statistical area
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What does the MSA include?
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-Urbanized area with a population of at least 50,00 -Country that city is located in -Adjacent countries with high population density and large % residents wording in CBD.
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Greed word that means "great city"
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Megalopolis
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What is the Megalopolis from Boston to D.C. called?
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Boswash Corridor
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Cooperative agency
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Council of Government
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The process of legally adding land area to a city.
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Annexation
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What is required before an area can be annexed by a city?
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Majority of residents in affected area vote in favor of annexation.
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In the past, why did peripheral areas desire annexation?
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Because the city offered better services.
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What has changed?
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Resident prefer to organize their own services rather than pay city taxes for them.
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Describe the density gradient of an urban area.
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Number of houses per unit of land diminishes as the distance from the center of the city increases.
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In what two ways has the density gradient changed in recent years?
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1. fewer people live in the center 2. fewer differences in densities in Urban Areas
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Progressive spread of development over a landscape.
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Sprawl
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What is meant by the statement: the "periphery of U.S. cities looks like "Swiss cheese"?
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Pockets of development and gapes of open space land.
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What has prevented the peripheries of European cities from looking like Swiss cheese?
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Building new houses is restricted/greenbelt around cities.
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Law that limits the permit deduses of land and maximum density of development in a community.
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Zoning Ordinance
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What is the strongest criticism of U.S. suburbs?
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Low-income people unable to live there because of high housing cost and unfriendliness of est. residents.
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Legislation and regulations to limit suburb sprawl and preserved farmland.
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Smart Growth
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How are "smart growth" laws being designed in Maryland?
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Discourages the state from funding new highways and other projects that would extend suburban sprawl and destroy farmland.
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How are "smart growth" laws being designed in Oregon & Tennessee?
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Defined growth boundaries with in which new development must occur.
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In what two ways are suburban areas segregated?
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1. Segregated social casses. 2. Segregated land uses.
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Nodes of services around beltway.
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Edge City
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Suburbanization of consumer services.
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Retail increased.
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Suburbanization of business services and factories.
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Increase in offices that don't need face-to-face interaction, lower rents, avoid traffic, more space, truck access.
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identity two ways in which the U.S. Government has encouraged the use of motor vehicles by its citizens.
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-Pay 90% of cost of limited access highway. -Supports police.
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List four ways demand for congested roads is being reduced.
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-Congestion charges -tolls -permits -bonds
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What is rush hour and how much of a city's traffic does it account for?
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4 consecutive minute periods that have heaviest traffic.
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Trolleys
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Declined and replaced with buses.
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Buses
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Also drastically reduced.
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Rapid Transit (subway & fixed rail line)
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Mostly in Chicago and Boston and NY, increased.
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List four ways in which public transportation is better than an automobile.
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-mass transit -less carbon foot print -fast/efficient -less time
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Briefly explain ways cars may become more energy efficient in the future.
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Different energy sources better for earth.
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"Inner cities in the United States contain concentrations of _______ people with a variety of physical, _____, and ______ problems very different from the faced by _____ residents."
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low-income social economic suburban
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What is the major problem faced by inner-city residents?
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The poor condition of the housing.
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Describe the inner-city process known as filtering.
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The process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of lower income people.
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What is the ultimate result of this process?
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Deteriorating and vacant houses develop which rents become less than maintenance costs.
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What is redlining and its result?
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Drawing lines on a map to id areas where banks won't loan out to.
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Who builds & maintains public housing?
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-Housing authority establish by local government builds public housing. -Federal government maintains it.
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Percentage of public housing in the U.S.
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1%
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Reasons high-rise public housing is unsatisfactory.
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-elevator frequently broken -juveniles terrorize people in hallway -drug use/crime rates are high
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How are recent public housing projects different?
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Government has cut spending on public housing now its mostly nonprofit funding.
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Process by which middle class people move into deteriorate city neighborhoods and renovate housing.
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Gentrification
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What three groups are attracted to gentrified areas and why?
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-single people -couples without children -people working downtown
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Why has gentrification been criticized?
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Gentrification is forcing low income families out of their houses because they can no longer afford property tax.
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"Inner-city residents frequently are referred to as a permanent _____ because they are _____ in an unending ______ of economic and social _____.
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Underclass trapped cycle problems
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List and brief describe four specific social problems of the underclass.
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1. deteriorated schools 2. lack adequate police protection 3. unable to compete for jobs 4. lack technical skills
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What financial crisis does the high proportion of low-income residents in the inner city create?
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Demand services by can't pay taxes for them.
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explain the two choices a city has in order to solve this problem.
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1. reduces services 2. raise tax revenues
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What two things are happening to homeowners who have been unable to repay their subprime loans?
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-foreclosure -debt
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Give three examples of some thriving CBDs that have been revived and explain why they're doing well.
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Navy Pier- converted to shops and attractions South Street Seaport- old fish market with retailing and recreational activities Harbor Place- tourist attractions, hotels, and cultural facilities
